Pediatrics I Comprehensive Practice Flashcards

This set of flashcards covers vocabulary and key concepts from Pediatrics I lecture notes, including child development stages, growth principles, nutritional management of malnutrition (SAM), immunization protocols, and common pediatric conditions.

Paediatric nursing

A specialized branch of nursing focused on providing healthcare to infants, children, and adolescents from birth to 18 years of age.

Neonate

The stage of childhood encompassing the first 4 weeks of life (0-28 days).

Infancy

The stage of childhood extending from birth up to 1 year of age.

Toddler

The stage of childhood between 1 and 3 years of age.

Preschooler

A child between the ages of 3 and 6 years (or 3-5 years depending on the developmental stage classification).

School-age children

Children between the ages of 6 and 12 years.

Adolescents

Individuals between 12 and 18 years of age (or beginning with secondary sex characteristics and ending when somatic growth is complete).

Growth

A quantitative physical change referring to an increase in the size of the whole body or any of its parts, measurable in $kg$, pounds, meters, or inches.

Development

A qualitative change referring to a progressive increase in skill and capacity of function, such as sitting, crawling, or talking.

Cephalocaudal principle

The principle of development stating that growth proceeds from the head downward, meaning a child gains control of the head first, then the arms, and finally the legs.

Proximodistal principle

The principle of development stating that growth proceeds from the center of the body outward, describing how the spinal cord develops before outer limbs.

Primary Dentition

Also known as deciduous, baby, or milk teeth; there are 20 in total, consisting of 8 incisors, 4 canines, and 8 molars.

Permanent Dentition

Adult teeth totaling 32, which include 8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, and 12 molars.

Sensorimotor stage

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (birth to 2 years) where infants learn through physical sensations and actions like sucking and grasping.

Object permanence

The cognitive milestone where a child realizes that things continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

Id

According to Freud, the most primitive, instinctive part of the mind that demand immediate gratification and contains basic biological drives like hunger.

Ego

The rational part of the mind that deals with reality and mediates between the demands of the Id and the morals of the Superego.

Superego

The moral center of the mind, developing around age 5, which encourages acting in socially acceptable ways and produces guilt for wrong actions.

Regression

A negative defense mechanism where ego functioning returns to a former stage of development to cope with stress.

Child nutrition

The provision of adequate energy and nutrients for cells to perform physiological functions like growth, reproduction, defense, and repair.

Exclusive breastfeeding

The WHO recommendation of feeding a baby only breast milk for the first 6 months of life.

Weaning

The gradual process of transitioning a baby from breast milk or formula to solid foods and other sources of nutrition.

Balanced diet

A diet providing essential nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals) in the right amounts for healthy growth.

Stunting

A manifestation of chronic malnutrition indicated by a low height-for-age measurement.

Wasting

A manifestation of acute malnutrition indicated by a low weight-for-height measurement.

Kwashiorkor

A form of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) characterized by bilateral pitting edema, 'moon face,' and 'flaky paint' dermatosis.

Marasmus

A form of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) characterized by muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and an 'old man' face appearance.

Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)

A clinical syndrome defined by a weight-for-height ratio of $< 70\%$ or a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) of $< 11.5\,cm$ or the presence of bilateral pitting edema.

F-75

A low-protein milk formula ($75\,kcal/100\,mL$) used during the stabilization phase (Phase I) of SAM treatment.

F-100

A high-energy, high-protein milk formula ($100\,kcal/100\,mL$) used during the rehabilitation phase (Phase II) of SAM treatment to restore wasted tissue.

Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF)

An energy-dense paste used to treat children with severe acute malnutrition, particularly in outpatient programs (OTP).

ReSoMal

A specific oral rehydration solution for children with SAM that has lower sodium and higher potassium than standard ORS.

Supplementary suckling (SS)

A technique used to stimulate breastfeeding in infants $< 6$ months where the baby suckles the breast and an supplemental feed through a nasogastric tube simultaneously.

Immunization

The process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an agent (immunogen).

Active acquired immunity

Resistance developed in response to a stimulus by an antigen, characterized by the host's production of antibodies.

Passive acquired immunity

Immunity conferred by an antibody produced in another host, such as maternal antibodies transferred via the placenta.

Cold Chain

A system for storage and transportation of vaccines at low temperatures ($2\,^\circ C$ to $8\,^\circ C$) from the manufacturer to the point of use.

Vaccine vial monitors (VVM)

Temperature-sensitive labels on vaccine vials that indicate if the vaccine has been spoiled by heat exposure.

Cleft lip

A physical split or separation of the two sides of the upper lip resulting from oral malformation during early pregnancy.

Spina bifida

A neural tube defect characterized by the 'cleft spine' or incomplete development of the brain, spinal cord, and/or meninges.

Myelomeningocele

The most severe form of spina bifida where the spinal cord is exposed through an opening in the spine, resulting in paralysis.

Fragile X syndrome

The most common form of inherited intellectual disability, caused by more than 200 CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene.

Tourette syndrome

A neurological disorder characterized by tics, which are repetitive, stereotyped, involuntary movements and vocalizations.

Coprolalia

A disabling vocal tic involving the uttering of socially inappropriate or swearing words, found in $10$ to $15\%$ of children with Tourette syndrome.

Cerebral palsy

A group of non-progressive physical disabilities caused by abnormal brain development or damage to the developing brain, usually before birth.

Autism spectrum disorder

A neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by impairment in social communication and restricted, repetitive behavior.

ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

A disorder making it difficult for children to pay attention and control impulsive behaviors, often involving hyperactivity.

Muscular dystrophy

A group of rare inherited diseases where voluntary muscle fibers are susceptible to damage and become progressively weaker.

Hydrocephalus

A condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, creating harmful pressure on brain tissue.