Anatomy Exam 1

Anatomy

The formal study of the internal and external structures of the body

MICROscopic Anatomy

The study of structures which require magnification to see

cytology

the study of cells

histology

the study of biological tissues

MACROscopic anatomy

aka gross anatomy, the study of structures that we can see with the naked eye. magnification is not needed here

the main approaches to macroscopic anatomical study are

Systemic Regional and Surface anatomy

Systemic anatomy

studying structures that work together to carry out a specific biological or physiological process. (structures working together to accomplish certain functions no matter where they are located)

Regional anatomy

examining internal and external structures of a particular area of the body (focus on a specific area of the body and everything in that area)

Surface anatomy

what can surface features tell us about the underlying structures? (See/feel from the outside to learn what underlying structures)

levels of organization

Chemical/molecular level

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ system level

Organism level

simple————>complex

Homeostasis

When the body’s organ systems are working normally, they create a stable internal environment that allows for ideal function of our cells/tissues/organs. Normal range of biological and physiological activity in the body.

disease

when the body is unable to maintain homeostatic conditions, typically leads to illness/sickness

Pathology

formal study of disease

Anatomical position

visual reference that allows us to create precise anatomical descriptions

anatomical landmarks

easy to identify reference points or regions of the body, help during medical examinations and procedures

anatomical postion

supine- lying on back

prone- lying on stomach

Superior and Inferior

towards the head, towards the feet

anterior and posterior

towards the front, towards the back

medial and lateral

towards the midline, away from the midline

superficial and deep

closer to the body surface, away from the body surface

proximal and distal

closer to attached point, away from attached point

sagittal plane

left and right portions of the body (bow and arrow)

Transverse plane

superior and inferior portions (upper and lower)

frontal plane (coronal)

anterior and posterior portions

primary tissue types in the body

epithelial

connective

muscular

neural

epithelial tissue

tightly packed and adjacent

covering the body ‘s surfaces (think skin)

forming glandular issues

forming linings of different body cavities

muscle tissue

parallel in appearance

cardiac and skeletal contraction

nerve tissue

sensing and responding to the external and internal environments

connective tissue

establishing the structural framework of the body

transporting fluid and dissolved materials

protecting our organs

supporting other connecting tissue

storing energy

defending the body from microorganisms

categories of connective tissue

connective tissue proper

fluid connective tissue*

supporting connective tissue*

*specialized connective tissue

primary components of connective tissues

cells

extracellular matrix

fibers

ground substance

blood and lymph nodes have a ______ matrix

liquid

bone has a ________ matrix

solid

cartilage will have a _________ matrix

gelatinous

Loose connective tissue

many cells; few collagen fibers

areolar tissue

found within deep dermis of the skin; cushions organs provides support but independent movement; directly adjacent to epithelial tissue lining our major organ system tracts.

adipose tissue

deep to the skin especially at sides, butt, breasts; provides padding and cushions shocks;

reticular tissue

net like appearance ; rete=net or network; found in lymphoid organs and places will be made ; these fibers create a supporting structure;

infants and young children will have ________ ________ tissue

brown adipose; this tissue has a strong blood supply and since their bodies are smaller, these brown adipose assists with heat generation, preventing hypothermia.

dense connective tissues

dense regular connective tissue

dense irregular connective tissue

elastic connective tissue

tendons connect ____ to ____.

muscle, bone

ligaments connect ____ to ____

bone, bone

ligaments connect ___ to _____

cartilage, cartilage

dense regular connective tissue

found between skeletal muscles and skeleton. between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments); provide firm attachments conduct pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles stabilizes relative positions of bones

elastic tissue

found between adjacent vertebrae of the vertebral column; stabilize positions of vertebrae and penis, cushions shocks and permits expansion and contraction of organs

dense irregular connective tissue

found in capsules of visceral organs; nerve and muscle sheaths, dermis; provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions, prevents overexpansion of organs like the bladder