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Population expansion in the 1700s

A significant growth in population due to factors like increased agricultural productivity, improved sanitation, and declining mortality rates.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia known for her expansionist policies, domestic reforms, and efforts to Westernize Russian society.

Serfdom in Russia

A socio-political system where peasants were bound to the land and owned by landowners, impacting social hierarchies and political power.

Enlightenment beginning in France

The Enlightenment started in France due to its cultural prominence, intellectual circles, and the questioning of traditional authority.

Reading revolution

The period when literacy rates increased dramatically and the publishing of books flourished, facilitating the spread of Enlightenment ideas.

Role of religion in Enlightenment

Religion was often criticized for its dogmatism, with some Enlightenment thinkers advocating for reason over faith.

Montesquieu

A political philosopher known for advocating separation of powers in government.

Philosophe

An intellectual of the Enlightenment who promoted reason, science, and individual rights.

Impact of Enlightenment on society

The Enlightenment affected various sectors including government, education, and social reform, fostering a culture of reason.

Adam Smith

An economist known for his ideas on free markets and capitalism.

Proper role of government according to Smith

Smith believed the government should maintain order, provide public goods, and allow free market trade.

British Corn Laws

Tariffs and regulations on importation of grain; opposed by free traders like Smith.

Tennis Court Oath

An oath taken by members of the Third Estate in France in 1789 to not disband until a new constitution was established.

Accomplishments of the National Assembly

The National Assembly made significant contributions, including abolishing the feudal system and drafting the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A 1790 law that restructured the Catholic Church in France; significant for its role in the church-state relationship.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An early advocate for women's rights, known for her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.

Napoleon’s merit-based system

Napoleon established a system of promotion based on ability and merit rather than birthright.

Characteristics of Neoclassicism

Emphasized clarity, order, and symmetry, drawing inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art and culture.

Metternich's role post-Napoleonic Wars

As foreign minister, Metternich sought to contain revolutionary movements and restore royal authority in Europe.

Goals of the Congress of Vienna

To restore stability in Europe, redraw national boundaries, and maintain a balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars.

Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Ptolemy

Key figures in the development of heliocentric and geocentric theories, influencing the scientific revolution.

Joseph II of Austria

Reformer known for his Enlightenment-inspired policies; contrasted with Louis XIV’s absolute monarchy.

19th-century liberal

A political ideology advocating for individual freedoms, representative government, and free-market economics.

Country leading the Industrial Revolution

Britain was the first country to industrialize, due to its resources and innovations.

Barriers to industrialization

Initial barriers included lack of infrastructure, resources, and socio-economic conditions in various countries.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, nature, and individualism as a reaction to the Enlightenment.

Jeremy Bentham

Philosopher known for his principle of utilitarianism, advocating for the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

Differences in romanticism

Romanticism differed by emphasizing emotional expressiveness, nature, and individual experience over reason.

Voltaire

A key Enlightenment thinker who advocated for civil liberties, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state.

Reform Bill of 1832

A British legislative act that expanded voting rights and representation in Parliament.

Impact of the Reform Bill

Increased political participation and representation for the middle class in England.

Declaration of Rights of Man

A fundamental document of the French Revolution affirming individual rights and liberties.

Continental System

A foreign policy of Napoleon aimed at weakening Britain by closing European ports to British trade.

Napoleon's hope for the Continental System

He hoped to destroy Britain's economy through trade embargoes.

Greek independence

The Greeks won independence through a combination of nationalistic uprisings and international support.

Deist

A person who believes in a rational God but rejects religious dogma and miracles.

Karl Marx's beliefs

Marx believed in class struggle, the critique of capitalism, and the necessity of a proletarian revolution.

Laissez-faire

An economic theory advocating minimal government intervention in market affairs, often supported by capitalism.

Influential inventions in the Industrial Revolution

Key inventions included the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom.

Alliances from the Congress of Vienna

Led to the formation of the Concert of Europe and various alliances aimed at maintaining the balance of power.

Concert of Europe

A system of dispute resolution between European nations, which was largely successful in maintaining peace.

Conditions for the Industrial Revolution

Factors such as technological innovation, available resources, and social changes enabled the revolution.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

Three laws describing the elliptical orbits of planets around the sun, crucial to modern astronomy.

Descartes and Bacon's roles

Descartes emphasized rationalism, while Bacon advocated empiricism in the scientific revolution.

Estates General in 1789

Louis XVI called the Estates-General to address the financial crisis and resistance to reform.

Marx and Engels on capitalism

They argued capitalism was a necessary stage that would eventually lead to socialism.

Reign of Terror

A period of extreme violence and political purges during the French Revolution, aimed at defending the revolution.

Utopian socialist beliefs

Focus on creating ideal societies through collective ownership and cooperation.

Couples waiting to marry in modern Europe

Many couples waited due to economic constraints and changing social norms.

Chartists

A working-class movement in Britain advocating for political reforms including universal male suffrage.

Thomas Malthus

An economist known for his theory of population growth, predicting that population would outpace resources.

First Industrial Revolution product

The revolution was significantly driven by the production of textiles.

Frederick the Great’s contributions

He modernized Prussia’s administrative and military structures, promoting economic and territorial expansion.

Locke's theory of blank slate

His idea suggested that knowledge is gained through experience, influencing education and epistemology.

Putting out system

A pre-industrial production system where goods were produced in homes rather than factories.

Sans-culottes in French Revolution

Radical working-class men and women who played a crucial role in the revolution.