Chapter 24: The Transformation of Europe

Luther's initial stimulus for formulating the Ninety-Five Theses was
a. his excommunication from the Roman Catholic church.
b. the sale of indulgences.
c. his time spent in England during the English Reformation.
d. the turmoil caused by having two popes during the Great Schism.
e. the influence of John Calvin.

b. the sale of indulgences.

The author of the Ninety-Five Theses was
a. John Calvin.
b. Erasmus.
c. Voltaire.
d. Martin Luther.
e. Henry VIII.

d. Martin Luther.

The Catholic church dramatically pushed the sale of indulgences in the sixteenth century because of the
a. need to match the resurgence of the Byzantine empire.
b. threat posed by Islam.
c. need for Henry VIII to pay off the national debt.
d. expense associated with translating original Greek classics.
e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica.

e. need to raise funds for the construction of St. Peter's basilica.

Who said, "I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one's conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other"?
a. Martin Luther
b. Jesus
c. John Calvin
d. Sima Qian
e. Henry VIII

a. Martin Luther

Henry VIII's reformation in England
a. was based on the ideas of the Anabaptists.
b. was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation.
c. was inspired more by John Calvin's thought than by Luther's thought.
d. made far more profound changes in theology than Luther's reformation did.
e. ignored Luther and instead pushed for change within Catholic guidelines.

b. was much more politically driven than Luther's reformation.

The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope was
a. Henry's frustration with the pope's inability to bring about church reform.
b. Henry's desire to gain a divorce.
c. Henry's desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades.
d. Henry's belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war.
e. a new English translation of the Bible.

b. Henry's desire to gain a divorce.

The author of the Institutes of the Christian Religion was
a. Calvin.
b. Luther.
c. Zwingli.
d. Henry VIII.
e. Paul III.

a. Calvin.

The city that stood as John Calvin's model Protestant community was
a. Avignon.
b. Paris.
c. Geneva.
d. Wittenberg.
e. London.

c. Geneva.

Which one of the following was NOT one of the pillars of the Catholic Reformation?
a. the philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas
b. the Council of Trent
c. the Society of Jesus
d. the efforts of St. Ignatius Loyola
e. the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

e. the religious fervor of the Renaissance popes

The council that helped define and advance the Catholic Reformation took place in
a. Trent.
b. Pisa.
c. Wittenberg.
d. Rome.
e. Milan.

a. Trent.

The Council of Trent
a. rooted out the Arian heresy.
b. successfully reached a compromise in the early Protestant movement between Luther and Calvin.
c. played a key role in Henry VIII's break with the Catholic church.
d. took steps to reform the Catholic church.
e. launched the witch-hunts of the sixteenth century.

d. took steps to reform the Catholic church.

Ignatius Loyola was instrumental in
a. creating the Society of Jesus.
b. calling together the Council of Trent.
c. making astronomical discoveries that called into question the Ptolemaic universe.
d. the formation of Spanish absolutism.
e. claiming the Philippines for Spain.

a. creating the Society of Jesus.

The explosion of witch-hunting in the sixteenth century was most probably caused by
a. a dramatic increase in the practice of demonology.
b. the publication of Copernicus's theories.
c. the conquest of Spain by Islamic forces.
d. tensions between Catholics and Protestants.
e. the fear caused by the prominent role that women were increasingly playing in the Catholic church.

d. tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

Eighty-five percent of the condemned witches were
a. men.
b. Catholics.
c. Protestants.
d. women.
e. Muslims.

d. women.

The Spanish leader who sent an armada against England in 1588 was
a. Philip II.
b. Don Juan.
c. Fernando.
d. Charles V.
e. Dom Henrique.

a. Philip II.

The leader of England during the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was
a. Henry VIII.
b. Charles II.
c. Mary I.
d. James II.
e. Elizabeth I.

e. Elizabeth I.

The most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century was
a. the Thirty Years' War.
b. the Seven Years' War.
c. the Hundred Years' War.
d. the Franco-Prussian War.
e. the War of the Spanish Succession.

a. the Thirty Years' War.

Charles V was the
a. pope who called the Council of Trent to address abuses in the Catholic church.
b. Spanish king who attempted to invade England in 1588.
c. English king who broke with the Catholic church for political reasons.
d. Portuguese leader who supported exploration down Africa's west coast.
e. leader who tried, but failed, to centralize authority in the Holy Roman Empire.

e. leader who tried, but failed, to centralize authority in the Holy Roman Empire.

Which of the following factors was NOT one of the reasons for Charles V's failure to build a centralized, sovereign state in the Holy Roman Empire?
a. frequent invasions by England
b. internal religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics
c. external pressure from the French
d. German nobles who refused to bend to Charles's will
e. external pressure from the Ottomans

a. frequent invasions by England

The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478 by
a. Charles V.
b. Don Carlos.
c. Fernando and Isabel.
d. Philip II.
e. Philip III.

c. Fernando and Isabel.

Which of the following states developed constitutional governments in the seventeenth century?
a. England and France
b. Spain and the Netherlands
c. Russia and Italy
d. the Netherlands and France
e. England and the Netherlands

e. England and the Netherlands

The English civil war ended with the trial and decapitation of
a. James I.
b. Charles I.
c. Elizabeth I.
d. James II.
e. Charles II.

b. Charles I.

The architect of French absolutism was
a. John Locke.
b. Cardinal Richelieu.
c. Charles II.
d. Montesquieu.
e. Louis XVIII.

b. Cardinal Richelieu.

The individual associated with the phrase "l'état, c'est moi" was
a. Charles V.
b. Philip II.
c. Cardinal Richelieu.
d. Charles I.
e. Louis XIV.

e. Louis XIV.

Which of the following was not one of the policies pursued by Louis XIV?
a. the maintenance of a huge standing army
b. an attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government
c. use of the more dependable middle class as officials
d. the creation of the palace at Versailles
e. the promotion of economic development

b. an attempt to make the nobles an active part of the government

Versailles was the magnificent royal palace of
a. Charles I.
b. Frederick the Great.
c. Peter the Great.
d. Francis I.
e. Louis XIV.

e. Louis XIV.

Catherine the Great's attempts at reform in Russia were essentially ended by
a. the Great Northern War.
b. the "Time of Troubles."
c. the English civil war.
d. Pugachev's rebellion.
e. the Old Beliefs schism.

d. Pugachev's rebellion.

The most important consequence of the Peace of Westphalia was in
a. laying the foundation for English control of most of the world.
b. combining the Spanish and French thrones.
c. promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal.
d. ending the carnage of the Seven Years' War.
e. establishing an Anglo-French alliance that would last until World War I.

c. promoting the notion that the European nations viewed each other as sovereign and equal.

Which of the following conflicts is the largest war to unfold in the wake of the Peace of Westphalia?
a. the English civil war
b. the Thirty Years' War
c. the Hundred Years' War
d. the Seven Years' War
e. the Glorious Revolution

d. the Seven Years' War

The fundamental principle of diplomacy in early modern Europe was
a. French domination.
b. the Auld Alliance.
c. raison d'etat.
d. the Anglo-French alliance.
e. the balance of power.

e. the balance of power.

By 1800, the population of Europe had risen to
a. 81 million.
b. 180 million.
c. 240 million.
d. 310 million.
e. 350 million.

b. 180 million.

The system by which unfinished materials were delivered to rural households for production was known as the
a. guild system.
b. joint-stock company system.
c. union system.
d. putting-out system.
e. countryside system.

d. putting-out system.

The first great philosophical proponent of capitalism was
a. Voltaire.
b. Adam Smith.
c. Montesquieu.
d. Isaac Newton.
e. Francis Bacon.

b. Adam Smith.

The Ptolemaic universe was based on
a. the idea that the earth rested on the back of a giant turtle.
b. a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow spheres.
c. a heliocentric structure.
d. the unifying principle of gravity.
e. the observations of Galileo.

b. a motionless earth surrounded by nine hollow spheres.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was written by
a. Ptolemy.
b. Galileo Galilei.
c. Isaac Newton.
d. Jonathan Swift.
e. Nicolaus Copernicus.

e. Nicolaus Copernicus.

That planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular, was demonstrated by
a. Galileo.
b. Voltaire.
c. Newton.
d. Kepler.
e. Descartes.

d. Kepler.

The theory of universal gravity is associated with
a. Isaac Newton.
b. Galileo Galilei.
c. Denis Diderot.
d. Nicolaus Copernicus.
e. Johannes Kepler.

a. Isaac Newton.

Most Enlightenment philosophers believed
a. in a geocentric universe.
b. in the notion of progress.
c. in a very active God who played a constant role in human affairs.
d. that the world was getting worse because of corrupt human nature.
e. that the world would end soon.

b. in the notion of progress.

"To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must, in almost all cases, be either a useless or a hurtful regulation. If the produce of domestic can be brought there as cheap as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless. If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful."

The quote above is a critique of which economic theory?
a. Mercantilism
b. Laissez‐Faire
c. Capitalism
d. Socialism.
e. Communism.

c. Capitalism

"To give the monopoly of the home market to the produce of domestic industry, in any particular art or manufacture, is in some measure to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, and must, in almost all cases, be either a useless or a hurtful regulation. If the produce of domestic can be brought there as cheap as that of foreign industry, the regulation is evidently useless. If it cannot, it must generally be hurtful."

Whose philosophy is expressed in the quote above?
a. Confucius
b. Matteo Ricci
c. John Locke
d. Adam Smith
e. Ibn Khaldun

d. Adam Smith