VEM 015 - Terminology and Osteology (Part 1)

Comprehensive flashcards covering the terminology and osteology lecture notes, including directional terms, planes of the body, bone classification, and skull anatomy.

Transverse planes

Horizontal planes or cross-sectional planes that divide the body into cranial and caudal parts.

Dorsal planes

Also known as frontal or coronal planes; they divide the body into dorsal and ventral portions.

Median plane

A plane that divides the body longitudinally into equal right and left halves.

Sagittal planes

Planes that divide the body into unequal right and left portions and are parallel to the median plane.

Rostral

Toward or relatively near the nose; this term applies to the head only.

Cranial

Toward or relatively near the head.

Caudal

Toward or relatively near the tail.

Dorsal

Toward or relatively near the upper surface of the body; described as being 'Away from the ground'.

Ventral

Toward or relatively near the supporting surface of the body; described as being 'Toward the ground'.

Proximal

Relatively near the main mass or origin; 'near the trunk/point of origin'.

Distal

Away from the origin; 'away from the trunk/point of origin'.

Medial

Towards or relatively near the median plane.

Lateral

Away or relatively farther from the median plane.

Palmar

The aspect of the forepaw on which the pads are located.

Plantar

The aspect of the hindpaw on which the pads are located.

Axial

Closer to the longitudinal axis; the side that 'faces the axis'.

Abaxial

Further from the longitudinal axis of a limb; the side that 'faces away from the axis'.

Superficial

Relatively near the surface of the body.

Deep

Relatively near the center of the body; 'farther the surface'.

Dorsal Recumbency

Position of lying on the back; also referred to by the less common term 'SUPINE'.

Ventral Recumbency

Position of lying on the belly; also known as 'STERNAL RECUMBENCY' or the less common term 'PRONE'.

Peritoneum

The membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities and covering some organs in this area.

Peritonitis

The term used for the inflammation of the peritoneum.

Parietal Peritoneum

The outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Visceral Peritoneum

The inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs.

Umbilicus

A pit in the abdominal wall marking where the umbilical cord entered the fetus; also called the 'NAVEL'.

Flexion

Movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced.

Extension

Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle formed at their joint increases.

Abduction

Movement of a part away from the median plane.

Adduction

Movement of a part toward the median plane.

Circumduction

Movement of a part when outlining the surface of a cone.

Rotation

Movement of a part around its long axis.

Supination

Lateral rotation of the appendage so the palmar or plantar surface of the paws faces medially; palm facing anteriorly.

Pronation

Medial rotation of the appendage from the supine position so the palmar or plantar surface faces the substrate; palm faces posteriorly.

Brachium

The region of the arm located between the shoulder and elbow.

Antebrachium

The region of the forearm located between the elbow and carpus.

Thigh

The region of the pelvic limb located between the hip and stifle.

Crus

The region of the leg located between the stifle and tarsus; only the crus is considered 'the leg'.

Axial skeleton

The 'central axis' of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular skeleton

The part of the skeleton consisting of bones that form the limbs, pelvis, and scapula.

Splanchnic skeleton

Bones located within soft organs, such as the os penis.

Long Bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide and act as supporting columns and levers; examples include the femur, humerus, radius, and tibia.

Short Bones

Bones with a typical cuboidal shape that have $6$ surfaces; examples include carpals and tarsals.

Flat Bones

Bones consisting of two plates of compact bone separated by cancellous bone; examples include the scapula, pelvis, and skull.

Diplöe

The spongy layer in the cranium of flat bones that absorbs shock.

Irregular Bones

Bones with no uniformity in development used for support and ligament attachment, such as the vertebrae.

Pneumatic Bone

Bones found in birds that contain air cavities lined by mucous membrane rather than marrow and communicate with the respiratory system.

Aberrant Long Bone

A classification for the ribs.

Sesamoid Bone

Bones that resemble sesame seeds and protect tendons at places where greatest friction is developed, such as the patella.

Compact Bone

A structure developed in direct ratio to stress; it is thicker in the shafts of long bones than in their extremities.

Spongy Bone

The internal substance of short and irregular bones, and interposed between compact layers of most flat bones.

Cortex

Compact, lamellar bone arranged in a series of concentric tubes called osteons about small central haversian canals.

Medullary Cavity

The inner surface of the shaft; in skull bones, this area is called the diploë.

Red Marrow

Highly vascularized gelatinous tissue in young animals where red and granular white blood cells are produced.

Yellow Marrow

Waxy yellow fat whose hemopoietic potential is dormant.

Epiphysis

The site of elongation and rapid cartilage proliferation while growing; replaced by cancellous bone in adults except for the articular surface.

Epiphyseal Growth Plate

A narrow zone of growth in long bones of young animals influenced by growth hormone; closure is complete by $18$ months in canines.

Metaphysis

The site of elongation and widening of long bone that contains newly formed cancellous bone.

Diaphysis

The middle part or body of a long bone; its central region is hollowed to create the marrow cavity.

Periosteum

A layer covering the external surface of bone, except where tendons and ligaments attach and on articular surfaces.

Endosteum

The layer lining the medullary cavity and covering the spongiosa, creating a border between bone marrow and bone.

Nutrient Foramina

Openings that allow the passage of blood vessels into and out of the bone.

Head

A spherical articular projection.

Condyles

Cylindrical articular masses.

Trochlea

A pulley-like articular mass.

Facets

Flat articular projections.

Process

A general term for any bony projection.

Tuberosity

A relatively large non-articular projection.

Spine

A pointed projection or ridge.

Tubercle

A smaller non-articular projection.

Fossa

A large non-articular depression.

Foramen

A circumscribed hole in a bone.

Glenoid cavity

A shallow articular cavity.

Cotyloid

A deep articular depression.

Dolichocephalic

Description for a 'long, narrow-headed' skull, such as in the Collie or Russian Wolfhound.

Mesocephalic

A head shape of medium proportions, such as in the German shepherd or beagle.

Brachycephalic

Description for a 'short, wide-headed' skull, such as in the Boston terrier or pekingese.

Occipital Bone

The most caudal bone of the skull containing the foramen magnum for the passage of the spinal cord.

Supraoccipital

The largest division of the occipital bone that forms the dorsal border of the foramen magnum and hides the cerebellum.

External Occipital Protuberance

A feature of the occipital bone that can be palpated in a live dog.

Exoccipital Parts

The parts of the occipital bone that bear the occipital condyles and paracondylar process.

Ventral condyloid fossa

The space located between the paracondylar process and the occipital condyle.

Hypoglossal canal

A passage in the occipital bone for the hypoglossal nerve.

Basioccipital Part

The part of the occipital bone that forms the caudal third of the cranial base.

Parietal Bone

Paired bones that form most of the dorsolateral part of the cranium.

External Sagittal Crest

A feature formed by a dorsal midline where the halves of the parietal and occipital bones meet.

Frontal Bone

An irregular bone divided into four segments: frontal squama, orbital part, temporal surface, and nasal part.

Temporal Bone

Lies below the parietal bone on the caudolateral surface of the skull; contains the tympanic bulla.

Tympanic Bulla

A rounded prominence of the temporal bone that houses middle ear structures.

External Acoustic Meatus

The opening where the external ear is attached, covered by the eardrum or tympanic membrane.

Temporal fossa

A depression formed by the temporal and parietal bones.

Ethmoid Bone

An unpaired bone forming the rostral wall of the cranial cavity, completely hidden in the intact skull.

Sphenoid Bone

An unpaired bone on the ventral aspect of the skull that houses the pituitary gland via the sella turcica.

Incisive Bone

Also called 'Premaxilla'; it is the most rostral bone of the skull and supports the upper incisors.

Maxilla

The largest bone of the face, bearing all superior cheek teeth and forming a major part of the hard palate.

Infraorbital foramen

A passage in the maxilla for the infraorbital nerve, vein, and artery.

Palatine Bone

A bone that forms part of the hard palate along with the maxilla and incisive bone.

Major palatine foramen

An opening on the hard palate for major palatine vessels and nerves.

Nasal Bone

A longitudinal bone forming the roof of the nasal cavity.

Zygomatic Bone

Also known as the 'Jugal' or 'Malar' bone; it forms the ventrolateral part of the orbit.