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Flashcards based on lecture notes about properties and uses of materials.
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What is matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Give examples of materials composed of particles like atoms, ions, and molecules.
Metals, ceramics, and plastics.
What is a chemical property?
A way a material can undergo chemical changes, observed by reacting it and transforming the original substance.
What are examples of physical properties of materials?
Solubility, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, melting point, and boiling point.
What is solubility?
A measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.
Give an example of a material selected for a specific use based on its solubility.
PET is used to make plastic drink bottles because it has 0 solubility in water.
What is heat?
The flow of energy when there is a temperature difference within one material or between two materials.
What is thermal conductivity?
The rate (speed) at which heat is transferred by conduction.
What is a conductor?
A material with high thermal conductivity, like metal.
What is a thermal insulator?
A material with low thermal conductivity, like plastic.
What types of materials can conduct electricity?
Materials that contain free-moving charged particles.
What is an electrical conductor?
A material with high electrical conductivity; contains free-moving electrons.
What is an electrical insulator?
A material with low electrical conductivity; does not allow movement of charge.
What is melting point (MP)?
The minimum temperature to go from a solid to liquid, when electrical forces of attraction are overcome.
What is boiling point (BP)?
The temperature at which a liquid changes to gas when additional heat energy is supplied.
Give examples of improved materials.
Concrete, flexible plastics, steel, composite materials (e.g. fibreglass), nanoparticles.
What are nanomaterials?
Substances that contain particles in the size range 1-100 nm.
What are nanoparticles?
Materials made of particles that range in size from 1-100 nm.
What are some properties of nanoparticles?
Antimicrobial, transforms visible light into thermal radiation, or absorbs/reflects ultraviolet radiation.
How can nanoparticles be used?
Medical bandages, destroy cancer cells/shrink tumours, or sunscreen.
What is a pure substance?
A material composed of only one type of atom, molecule, or formula unit.
What is a mixture?
A physical combination of two or more chemical substances not chemically bonded.
What is a homogenous mixture?
Has a chemical composition that is uniform throughout (e.g., seawater).
What is a heterogeneous mixture?
Has a non-uniform composition (e.g., blood, milk, gravel).
What are common methods used to separate mixtures?
Filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography.
What is filtration used for?
Used to separate an insoluble material from a solution.
What is evaporation used for?
Used to separate a soluble solid solute dissolved in a solvent by evaporating the solvent.
What is simple distillation used for?
Used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points.
What is fractional distillation?
Allows separation of liquids with similar boiling points using a fractionating column.