Properties and Uses of Materials Flashcards

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Flashcards based on lecture notes about properties and uses of materials.

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29 Terms

1
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What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

2
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Give examples of materials composed of particles like atoms, ions, and molecules.

Metals, ceramics, and plastics.

3
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What is a chemical property?

A way a material can undergo chemical changes, observed by reacting it and transforming the original substance.

4
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What are examples of physical properties of materials?

Solubility, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, melting point, and boiling point.

5
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What is solubility?

A measure of how much solute will dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature.

6
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Give an example of a material selected for a specific use based on its solubility.

PET is used to make plastic drink bottles because it has 0 solubility in water.

7
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What is heat?

The flow of energy when there is a temperature difference within one material or between two materials.

8
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What is thermal conductivity?

The rate (speed) at which heat is transferred by conduction.

9
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What is a conductor?

A material with high thermal conductivity, like metal.

10
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What is a thermal insulator?

A material with low thermal conductivity, like plastic.

11
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What types of materials can conduct electricity?

Materials that contain free-moving charged particles.

12
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What is an electrical conductor?

A material with high electrical conductivity; contains free-moving electrons.

13
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What is an electrical insulator?

A material with low electrical conductivity; does not allow movement of charge.

14
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What is melting point (MP)?

The minimum temperature to go from a solid to liquid, when electrical forces of attraction are overcome.

15
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What is boiling point (BP)?

The temperature at which a liquid changes to gas when additional heat energy is supplied.

16
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Give examples of improved materials.

Concrete, flexible plastics, steel, composite materials (e.g. fibreglass), nanoparticles.

17
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What are nanomaterials?

Substances that contain particles in the size range 1-100 nm.

18
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What are nanoparticles?

Materials made of particles that range in size from 1-100 nm.

19
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What are some properties of nanoparticles?

Antimicrobial, transforms visible light into thermal radiation, or absorbs/reflects ultraviolet radiation.

20
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How can nanoparticles be used?

Medical bandages, destroy cancer cells/shrink tumours, or sunscreen.

21
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What is a pure substance?

A material composed of only one type of atom, molecule, or formula unit.

22
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What is a mixture?

A physical combination of two or more chemical substances not chemically bonded.

23
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What is a homogenous mixture?

Has a chemical composition that is uniform throughout (e.g., seawater).

24
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What is a heterogeneous mixture?

Has a non-uniform composition (e.g., blood, milk, gravel).

25
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What are common methods used to separate mixtures?

Filtration, evaporation, distillation, and chromatography.

26
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What is filtration used for?

Used to separate an insoluble material from a solution.

27
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What is evaporation used for?

Used to separate a soluble solid solute dissolved in a solvent by evaporating the solvent.

28
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What is simple distillation used for?

Used to separate a mixture of liquids with different boiling points.

29
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What is fractional distillation?

Allows separation of liquids with similar boiling points using a fractionating column.