COMPANA LE2 - MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscle

either an tissue or an organ

Contraction

tissue shortens and fattens

actin and myosin interaction

produces contraction

production of motions

function of muscles: body movement

stabilization of body position

function of muscles: muscles used to stabilize the position of the body

storage and motility of substances within the body

function of muscles: smooth muscles

generation of heat

function of muscles: shivering

shivering

very quick contraction of muscles

generation of voltage or an electric field

function of muscles: can be enough to immobilize its targets (e.g. electric eel)

white or red

types of muscles: according to color

somatic or visceral

types of muscles: according to location

somatic

type of muscles that move bones or cartilage

visceral

type of muscle that controls activity of an organ, vessel, or duct

voluntary or involuntary

types of muscles: according to nervous control

skeletal muscle

Muscle that is attached to the skeleton; multinucleated

tendon

connective tissue that connects the muscle to the bone

epimysium

connective tissue that surrounds the muscle

muscles of an organ

made up of bundles/ fascicles of muscle cells (myocytes)

myocytes

muscle cells

each fiber of muscle

continuous length of myocytes

mitosis of myocytes

involves only karyokinesis; no cytokinesis

striated muscles

striated because of the z disc

smooth muscle

no z-lines

dense bodies

where thin and thick filament are attached to

cardiac muscle

striated but have intercalated discs that enable synchrnous contraction

skeletal muscle

its nucleus is on the periphery

sarcomere

contracting unit of the muscle

smooth muscle

fusiform, uninucleated, with myofibrils

dense body

what is in the intersection of intermediate filaments? (in smooth muscles)\`

desmosomes

present within intercalated discs

f

t or f:

\
cardiac muscles requires outside stimulation for rhythmic contraction

red muscles

darker in color; high vascularization; high myoglobin content; for sustained muscular or higher intensity action

white muscle

lighter in color; low vascularization; low myoglobin content; rapid contractions

tonic fibers

slow contraction, low force, supports posture of the animals

twitch fibers

fast contraction, rapid movement

extensor

straightens two segments about a joint

flexor

draws a segment toward another

adductor

draws a body part toward median axis

abductor

displaces a body part away from median axis

protractor

thrusts a part forward or outward

retractor

pulls a part backward

levator

raises a body part

depressor

lowers a body part

rotator

causes rotation of a body part about its axis

supinator

upward rotation

pronator

downward rotation

tensor

tightens a body part

constrictor

compresses internal parts

sphincter

makes an opening smaller

dilator

makes an opening bigger

Gastrocnemius of the anuran

attached to plantar aponeurosis

Gastrocnemius of the lizard

attached to achilles tendon

depressor mandibulae; has a digastric instead

Mammals lacks

* segmented
* no differentiation in their epaxial and hypaxial muscles

The axial musculature of fishes are

Epaxial muscles

abdominal muscles

Hypaxial muscles

dorsalis trunci

f

t or f:

\
the location of the cucullaris muscle of the amphibians and sharks are the same

Agnatha (cranial musculature)

Eye musculature: branchiomeric musculature rudimentary

T

T or F:

\
Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes are similar in terms of their axial musculature

Amphibia (axial musculature)

Single epaxial muscle (dorsalis trunci); hypaxial muscles differentiated into layers

Osteichthyes and Chondrichthyes (Appendicular Musculature)

Antagonistic muscle masses extend over surfaces of fins

Reptilia (Axial Musculature)

Tripartite epaxial musculature; hypaxial musculature differentiated.

Aves (Axial Musculature)

Tripartite epaxial musculature; hypaxial musculature differentiated; reduced esp. where associated vertebrae are fused

skeletal muscle

its **nucleus** is on the **periphery**

Cardiac muscle

the **nucleus** occurs somewhere in the **middle**