12 - state sponsored industrialization

muhammad ali

Ottoman Albanian military commander and governor who ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848 and is considered the founder of modern Egypt

suez canal

a man-made waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas

qing dynasty

China's last imperial dynasty, ruling from 1644 to 1912 and established by the Manchu people

opium wars

two conflicts in the mid-19th century between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over trade imbalances and the illegal opium trade

empress cixi

powerful Qing dynasty ruler who dominated Chinese politics from the 1860s until her death in 1908

sun yat sen

Chinese revolutionary leader and the "Father of Modern China" who helped overthrow the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China in 1912

janissaries

elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire, known for their loyalty and discipline, who were initially recruited from Christian boys through a process called devshirme

conscription

the mandatory enlistment of individuals into military service

cairo

the capital of Egypt and a historically significant center for trade, culture, and politics, particularly in the Islamic world

tanzimat reforms

a series of modernization and reorganization efforts in the Ottoman Empire from 1839 to 1876 that aimed to centralize power, modernize the military and legal systems, and secularize administration

self strengthening movement

a late 19th-century Chinese program to modernize its military and industrial base by adopting Western technology and practices while maintaining traditional Confucian values

chinese nationalist party

aka kuomintang - a major political party in the early to mid-20th century that sought to unify China and establish a modern, democratic, and nationalistic government. 

japanese act of seclusion

a policy of national isolation implemented by the Tokugawa shogunate from the 17th to the 19th century that severely restricted foreign trade and travel

commodore matthew perry

a U.S. naval officer who, in 1853-1854, used a fleet of steam-powered warships to force Japan to end its centuries of self-imposed isolation and open its ports to trade with the West. His expedition, which used "gunboat diplomacy," led to the signing of the Treaty of Kanagawa and had a profound impact on both American expansion and Japanese internal politics, contributing to the eventual end of the Tokugawa shogunate and the Meiji Restoration

tokugawa shogunate

ast feudal Japanese military government (1603–1868), led by the Tokugawa clan, which brought a long period of relative peace and stability known as the Edo period

charter oath

a five-article statement of principles issued by Japan's Emperor Meiji in April 1868, at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration

meiji restoration

1868 to 1912 that involved the restoration of imperial rule and the rapid modernization of Japan to prevent Western colonization

sino japanese war

two major conflicts between China and Japan: the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), which resulted in a decisive Japanese victory and highlighted China's weaknesses, and the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), a brutal conflict that became a key part of World War II

russo japanese war

a major 20th-century war where Japan, after rapid modernization through the Meiji Restoration, decisively defeated a major European power in a land and sea war

young turks

a reformist political movement in the late Ottoman Empire that aimed to modernize the country, restore the constitution, and create a strong, centralized state

kowtow

a traditional Chinese ritual of deep respect involving kneeling and bowing so low that one's forehead touched the ground

hong kong and shanghai banking

a transnational bank founded in 1865 to finance trade between Europe and Asia, particularly in British-controlled Hong Kong and Shanghai

deindustrialization 

the decline of industrial activity in a region or economy, leading to a shift from manufacturing to a service-based economy

sepoys

an Indian soldier employed by the British East India Company and later by the British Crown to serve in its army

famine

a severe, widespread, and extreme scarcity of food causing a population-wide lack of access to adequate nutrition, widespread malnutrition, and starvation-related deaths

shogun

a military dictator and the de facto ruler of Japan during its feudal periods, especially from the late 12th century until 1868

daimyo

a powerful feudal lord in Japan who commanded a private army of samurai and ruled over large, hereditary land estates

zaibatsu

a large, family-owned Japanese conglomerate that dominated a significant portion of the nation's economy from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II

crimean war

a conflict (1853–1856) fought between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain, and Sardinia

russification

a policy of cultural and linguistic assimilation where the Russian government forced non-Russian populations within the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union to adopt Russian language, culture, and identity

turkification

the process of cultural assimilation of non-Turkish populations into Turkish culture, language, and identity, primarily driven by the Ottoman Empire and the later Republic of Turkey

capitulations

treaties that granted European powers extraterritorial rights and commercial privileges in the Ottoman Empire, which later became a tool for economic and political exploitation

franco prussian war

War in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France, ending French hegemony in continental Europe and creating a unified Germany

british east india company

a powerful, government-chartered joint-stock company that grew from a commercial enterprise to a political and military force that controlled vast territories in India

lord cornwallis

British general and statesman primarily known in AP World History for his role in the American Revolutionary War, specifically his surrender at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781, which was a major turning point leading to American independence

blood and iron

Otto von Bismarck's 1862 speech advocating for German unification through military force and industrial power, rather than liberal reforms or diplomacy

otto von bismarck

German statesman and the first Chancellor of the German Empire (1871-1890) who is credited with unifying the German states into a single nation under Prussian leadership through strategic wars and diplomacy