people revolutions

Copernicus

had a theory that the sun was centered around the earth and contradicted the churches teachings.

Brahe and Kepler

Brahe provided evidence supporting copernicus theory and Kepler used his data to find ellipse and orbits

Galileo Galilei

four moons of jupiter shows that the earth moves around the sun

Bacon and Descartes

Bacon highlighted experimenting and observation while Descartes emphasized reason for better understanding

Anton Van

founder of microbiology because he found bacteria and microorganisms in microscope

Boyle

chemist who opened the way to today's chemical analysis explaining matter

Issac Newton

discovered laws of motion, invented calculus, and named gravity

Levellers

group who things poor men should have equal say in the government

Charles II

ruled England by monarchy and restored churches, theaters, and music

Tories

aristocrats who wanted to preserve older traditions and supported royal powers and the dominant anglican church.

Whigs

advocated for authority and backed ideas of the glorious revolution. Supported parliament over crown.

Locke

Two treaties of government. He believed all people have natural rights The best government had limited power Everyone was reasonable and moral He had an optimistic view on human nature

Hobbes

Levianthan. Humans are naturally selfish, greedy and cruel Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society like an absolute monarchy Entered an agreement to give up freedom for an organized society

Montesquieu

the spirit of the laws. Criticized absolute monarchy Supported division in government like legislative, executive, and judicial branches This system provides checks and balances to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

Voltaire

wrote many famous writings on inequality and injustice. Promoted freedom of speech Wrote fiction to criticize the French monarchy, the aristocracy, and the Catholic Church.

Diderot

encyclopedia (28-volume collection of knowledge and Enlightenment ideas). Explained ideas on government, philosophy, and religion. Praised freedom of expression and disliked traditional religions

Rosseau

the social contract. Believed some controls were necessary but minimal. Believed people in their natural state were good Felt society placed too many limitations on people's behaviors

Wollstonecraft

a vindication of the rights of women. Called for equal education for girls and boys Argued women should be educated equally as men in public life

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and philosopher who believed the free market and natural supply and demand should be allowed to operate business on its own. He favored a free enterprise system

Fredrick the great

enlightenment deposit who reduced torture use and allowed free press. Reorganized Prussian government

Catherine the great

enlightenment deposit, abolished torture and granted religious followers land

Joseph II

enlightenment deposit, granted more rights to jews and catholic empire. Ended censorship and allowed free press.

Jacques Necker

Financial expert who king louis XVI chose as his advisor. Recommended for him to reduce extravagant court spendings

Emigres

nobles clergy and others who fled france

Sans- culottes

working classmen and women who pushed the revolution into a more radical action.

Jacobins

revolutionary political club, with middle classes who opposed radicals and disliked reforms

King Louis XVI was put on trial as a traitor to France and put to death. Marie was executed later in october.

Maximilian robespierre

counterrevolutionary that rose to leadership of committee of public safety

Napoleon

rose to power and crowned title of first consul by being a victorious general

Concert of Europe

loose organization set up to preserve agreements of the congress of vienna and worked to suppress uprising.

Liberals

business owners, bakers, lawyers, politicians, newspaper editors, writers, and others who shared opinions. Supported government with written constitutions for natural rights

Charles X

short lived king, believer in absolutism

Louis Philippe

cousin of Charles X, got the throne from liberals wanting a constitutional monarchy and supporting the revolution.

Napoleon III

ruled as dictator and ended the second republic. Used a plebiscite and ballot to voters to win public approval.

February days

silence critics and prevent public meeting by sending angry crowds into streets of paris.

June days

Middle class liberals saw the national workshop was a waste of money and shut them down and protested against riots.

Alfred Dreyfus

had a political scandal that as a jew was accused of spying for Germany and convicted of treason.

Premier

prime minister

Anti-Semites

members of lower middle class who felt insecure about their social position and had a hatred for Jews.

Zionism

nationalized movement devoted to rebuilding jewish state in jews ancient homeland.