AP World Unit 3.3

These flashcards cover key figures, concepts, and events related to the belief systems of empires during the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution.

Martin Luther

A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation by criticizing the Catholic Church's practices. Was upset over indulgences, simony, and selling of pardons.

Indulgences

The act is when the Catholic Church began selling these to receive forgiveness or reduce punishment for sins towards church projects like the building of Saint Peter’s Basilica.

Simony

The act of buying yourself into positions of power in the Catholic Church.

Johannes Gutenburg

The man who invented the Printing Press in 1455.

Primary Beliefs of Martin Luther

Belief in salvation by faith alone, the Bible as only authority for Christian life, and priesthood of all believers.

95 Theses

A document written by Martin Luther that criticized the selling of indulgences and sparked the Reformation.

Pope Leo X

The man who excommunicated Martin Luther from the Catholic Church in 1520.

Protestants

Followers of Martin Luther and others who opposed the Catholic Church's practices.

Council of Trent

A Catholic council that reaffirmed the Church's authority and the importance of good works for salvation.

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

This was a group established by the Catholics to focus on education, conversion of non-Christians, and prevention of the spread of Protestantism.

John Calvin

The man who created the idea of predestination which was accepted throughout Europe. Believed that the church should administer its own affairs and believed baptism was a visible sign, but not necessary for salvation.

Predestination

The idea, proposed by John Calvin, that God has already determined who will be saved.

Theocracy

A system of government where priests rule in the name of God; accepted by Calvin in Europe.

Henry VIII

King of England who initiated the English Reformation after the Catholic Church denied his divorce request.

Act of Supremacy

In 1534, after the Catholic church would let King Henry VIII divorce his wife, he made this in order to make the English monarch the head of the English Church.

Anglican Church

King Henry VIII created this church which combines ideas of Catholicism and Protestantism.

French War of Religion

A war in France from 1562-1598, between the Hugenots and the Catholics.

Bourbon Family

In France during the Age of Religious Wars, the Valois Family was ruling, but this family wanted power and were Hugenots.

Henry of Navarre

The leader of the Bourbon family and was a Hugenot that became King of France in 1589 and issued the Edict of Nantes.

Edict of Nantes

A decree issued by Henry of Navarre that granted religious tolerance to Hugenots in France.

Thirty Years War

A conflict from 1618 to 1648 involving many European nations, primarily between Catholics and Protestants. The most destructive was fought on European soil to this point.

Peace of Westphalia

The document signed in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War, making France the most powerful state, and ending the Holy Roman Empire.

Spain vs. England War

A short war between Catholic Spain under Phillip II and Protestant England under Elizabeth I.

Spanish Armada

A fleet sent by Philip II of Spain to invade Protestant England that ended in defeat.

Civil War in England

A conflict driven by beliefs in divine right of kings and the rise of Puritan power.

Oliver Cromwell

Ruler of England who formed a short-term military based dictatorship before the restoration of the monarchy in 1660.

Glorious Revolution

A peaceful overthrow of the English king James II by William and Mary, ensuring Protestant rule.

Religious Change Results

No dominant single truth in Europe, changed political balance of Europe’s power, and promotion of a greater concentration on family life.

Orthodox Shi’ism

The Safavids turned to this more stricter version of Islam which became an integral part of their identity during conflict with the Ottomans.

Wahhabi Movement

A conservative Islamic reform movement that criticized the Ottoman Empire for not adhering strictly to Islamic teachings that look place in Arabia.

Sharia Law

Islamic system of law based on the teachings of the Quran.

Sikhism

A religion founded by Guru Nanak in India that blends elements of Hinduism and Islam. Similar to other failed reconciliations: Bhakti movement and Din-i-ilahi.

Kharma and Rebirth

The main two components of Hinduism that Sikhism teaches.

Caste System and Seclusion of Women

The main two components of Hinduism that Sikhism doesn’t practice.

Guru Nanak

The founder of Sikhism.

Sikh Men Style of Dress

Hair & beards uncut, wearing a turban, and carrying a short dagger.

The Golden Temple of Amritsar

The central place of worship of Sikhism.

The Guru Granth (teacher book)

The sacred text of Sikhism.

Guru Tegh Bahadur

In the 1600’s this Sikh leader was killed by Aurangzeb because of his refusal to convert to Islam. This left Sikhs devastated and made the religion more militaristic.

Scientific Revolution

A period from the mid-1500s to the mid-1600s characterized by advancements in scientific thought and experimentation.

Nicolas Copernicus

A Scientist who believed the sun was at the center of the universe, creating the heliocentric theory.

Heliocentric Theory

The astronomical model posited by Nicolaus Copernicus that the sun is at the center of the universe.

Galileo Galilei

An Italian scientist who made significant contributions to physics and astronomy, including improvements to the telescope.

Isaac Newton

An English mathematician and physicist known for his laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation.

Johannes Kepler

A Scientist who discovered laws of planetary motion and was the first to use the scientific method.

Vesalius

A Flemish doctor who wrote a book detailing human anatomy.

William Harvey

An English doctor who found that the heart circulated the heart, not the liver.

Rene Descartes

A man who was the founder of modern philosophy, developed analytical geometry, and nothing accepted on faith; “I think, therefore I am”.

Instruments from Scientific Revolution

Barometer, thermometer, and microscope.