PSYC232 Test 2

weeks 4-7

what are the three traditional methods of qualitative data collection?

Interviews, Focus Groups, Ethnography/Autoethnography

what does a focus group comprise of?

A focus group comprises a small, diverse group of participants who discuss a specific topic guided by a facilitator to gather insights, perspectives, and opinions.

naturalised transcription

the raw transcription, word for word

denaturalised transcription

a more edited version of the transcription that may remove filler words and non-verbal cues for clarity.

ethnography

a qualitative research method that involves immersive observation and participation in the daily lives of a particular group or community.

auto ethnography

a form of ethnography where the researcher reflects on their personal experiences and background to explore a social or cultural phenomenon. personal narrative.

what are four less traditional qualitative methods?

surveys, vignettes/diaries, media, body mapping

Thematic analysis

a method for identifying and analyzing patterns or themes within qualitative data.

what are the three types of thematic analysis?

coding reliability TA, codebook TA, and reflexive TA

Coding reliability thematic analysis

is a method that focuses on ensuring consistency and accuracy among multiple coders when analyzing qualitative data.

codebook thematic analysis

is a structured approach that uses a predefined codebook to guide the coding process, facilitating consistency and comparison across different datasets.

reflexive thematic analysis

is a flexible and iterative approach that emphasizes the researcher's subjective interpretation and engagement with the data throughout the analysis process.

what does the familiarisation step of reflexive TA involve?

The familiarisation step involves immersing oneself in the data to gain an in-depth understanding of it. EG re-reading transcripts, making notes as they come to mind, ect

what does the initial coding step of reflexive TA involve?

working your way through the data systematically, and identifying anything interesting, relevant or meaningful towards your research question.

semantic codes

data driven codes that summarise the content of the data, and are a surface level description.

latent codes

data that goes beyond surface meanings to uncover deeper themes and underlying patterns in the data.

what does the generating initial themes step of reflexive TA involve?

begin to identify patterns across the data ser. This involves collating the semantic and latent codes to form broader themes that capture the essence of the data.

what does the developing and reviewing themes step of reflexive TA involve?

critically assess the fit of your candidate themes

what does the refining and defining step of reflexive TA involve?

this is the fine tuning phase, where you make sure each theme is clearly defined and fits into the overall story.

etic approach

refers to an external perspective that analyses a cultural group or phenomena. Typically looked down upon by cultural psychologists as this approach leaves out cultural experiences.

emic approach

refers to an internal perspective that seeks to understand cultural phenomena from the viewpoint of the members of that culture, emphasising their experiences and meanings. It can be difficult for Western researchers to value your work however.

etmic approach

this is a combination of both etic and emic approaches. For example, it may include mixed identities (for example Māori and LGBTQ community)

Positionality

refers to an individual's social and cultural background, influences, and perspectives that shape their understanding and interpretation of other cultures. It emphasizes the importance of acknowledging how one's identity affects research and engagement with different cultural groups.

reflexivity

looking back on your process and position of the research. It involves critically examining how your own beliefs and experiences influence your research approach and findings, ensuring transparency. Also, this is where you can reflect on whether your positionally has changed.

Sensitive Kaupapa Māori Research

a methodology that should be used when there is a difficult kaupapa. If the research is likely to have an effect on someone’s tapu or mana then it should be considered sensitive.

what are the five principals of sensitive kaupapa Māori research?

Whānau, Wāhi Haumaru, Kaitiaki, Whakaaro and Hononga

What is the Whānau principal of sensitive kaupapa Māori research?

Knowing who they are and where they come from and reflecting on your positionality. This can be implemented by Whānau hui, and positionally statements.

What is the Wāhi Haumaru principal of sensitive kaupapa Māori research?

The importance of creating a safe space for participants to share their experiences and truths without fear of judgement or harm. participants are central to the project at all times.

What is the Whakaaro principal of sensitive kaupapa Māori research?

taking a holistic approach towards the person as a whole. Focus on Te Whare Tapa Whā

What is the Kaitiaki principal of sensitive kaupapa Māori research?

the need for empathy when discussing sensitive topics

What is the Honing principal of sensitive kaupapa Māori research?

connecting and building relationships that are long lasting.

Indigenisation

the use of appropriate theories and practice methods that can the entrenched and enforced Western values, norms and philosophies

decolonisation

the active and conscious resistance to colonial forces that continue to oppress.

think of some benefits of Kaupapa Māori research

:D

think of some challenges of Kaupapa Māori research

:D

what are some ways to navigate the challenges of Kaupapa Māori research?

explain why you need to do the things you are doing, as Western researchers are still hesitant to believe qualitative approaches are a valid form of research.

Kaupapa Māori research h can take lots of time, so make sure you scale your project to fit within your timeframe and that you have enough funding.

What are some criticisms of Kaupapa Māori research from a Māori perspective?

alienation and dismissal of wāhine voices, as before colonisation wāhine and tāne were seen as equal. KM does not carve out a space for wāhine Māori

What are some criticisms of Kaupapa Māori research from a western perspective?

KM is seen as ‘exclusionary’ as western researchers believe non-Māori cannot be involved (not true however).

There are barriers to research being published internationally, due to the research being localised. However, your can rewrite work for international audiences if your participants agree

KM does not fit the strict requirements of validity and reliability of western science, leading people to believe it is biased.

interface research

a collaborative approach that bridges different knowledge systems and methodologies. It seeks to integrate Indigenous and Western research practices to create mutual understanding and respect.

what are the four principals of interface research?

Mutual Respect, shared benefits, human dignity, and discovery

what does the principal of mutual respect of interface research entail?

acknowledging that both of these knowledge systems are valid and that they require their own space

what does the principal of shared benefits of interface research entail?

ensuring that both groups benefit from the research. For example by active indigenous participants.

what does the principal of human dignity of interface research entail?

that both groups have cultural competency and cultural safety

what does the principal of discovery of interface research entail?

research being about combining western and indigenous approaches for exploration and innovation.

what are two criticisms of interface research?

that inclusion of indigenous perspectives is tokenistic

western perspectives can believe that this overcomplicates research

Pacific peoples

a canopy term, describing people who identify with some pacific ancestry and live in Aotearoa, This term is a unifying force connecting Pacific people.

what are the 8 specific Pacific groups we focus on in NZ?

Samoan, Cook Island Māori, Tongan, Niuean, Fijian, Tokelauan, Tuvalauan, and Kiribati

what are the 3 guiding principals of indigenous research?

respecting human dignity, protecting integrity of participants, respecting knowledge

Relationally

people are strongly interconnected and relationships are fundamental to a person’s existence

what is Vā?

in an interpersonal context, it refers to social relations and the physical space between these relationships. It also relates to relationally

what is Tauhi Vā/Tausi Vā?

a commitment to nurturing sociospatial ties. This is a key feature of lots of collectivist cultures

what is the Kakala methodology and what does it comprise of?

centred around the creation of a garland. It comprises of 4 processes: Teu → Toli → Tui → Luva

What is the process of Teu (Kakala Methodology)?

“to prepare” for the research process, this would be the concept development, design, and planning of the research

What is the process of Toli (Kakala Methodology)?

“to select or pick the flowers”'

for the research process this would be identifying the research question, deciding who the right participants to use are, ect

What is the process of Tui (Kakala Methodology)?

“to string the flowers together”

this is the analysis phase of the research. So, looking for patterns in the data, collective process in the analysis, finding meaning of all the data.

What is the process of Luva (Kakala Methodology)?

to give, denote, sacrifice

dissemination of research, recognise the knowledge of those who participated, respect.

what is the Fatfaletui methodology and what does it consist of?

Samoan specific, and allows focus groups to arrive at a consensus. Consists of Fale which is where the focus groups are created, organised by different factors (eg gender). Also consists of Tui which is the process of arriving at a consensus, where a spokesperson from each group comes to discuss the issue at hand.

what is the Talanoa method and it’s translation?

a qualitative data collection tool where the participant is presented with an idea and asked to reflect, critique, argue, confirm of express on understanding of it.

Tala - to inform, tell or relate

Noa - nothing in particular, ordinary, void

Covariance

a measure of to variables to find out the association between them (how much do two things differ or vary together?)

variance

a measure of the difference of your sample measurements from your sample mean (how spread out are the score sin your sample?)

Slope line

the closest line you can get between all the data points. The slope of the correlation

what is the degrees of freedom?

N-2 ALWAYS!

Correlation scale

-1 = negative correlation (as one variable increases the other decreases)

0 = no correlation

1 = positive correlation (as one variable increases so does the other)

What are the 3 Pearson’s correlation assumptions?

1. people’s measurements are independent to other people

2. the variables are normally distributed (larger samples are good)

3. the data does not have extreme outliers or non linear patterns

what does the P-value typically need to be under? (alpha)

0.05 or 5%

Null hypothesis

there is no difference or association between the two variables

Alternative hypothesis

there is a difference or association between the two variables

You can only do a correlational design if both variables are…

continuous

what are the 3 important things when interpreting a correlation?

1. direction: is it positive or negative?

2. strength: is it approximately .1 (small/weak), .3 (moderate) or .5 or larger (large/strong)

3. significance: is the p-value significant?

standard deviation of sample

a measure of difference of your sample measurements from the sample mean (S)

standard error

indicates how different the population mean is likely to be from a sample mean

What is the variance?

the spread between numbers in a data set (S²)

What is the equation for the standard error?

SE = S² / N

Independant samples T-Test

is used to compare the means of two independent groups

what are the two types of variables for an independent samples t test?

one variable = categorical

other variable = continuous

what are the three assumptions of independent samples t tests?

1. each measurement in the sample is independent (no influence)

2. the variables are normally distributed (larger samples are good)

3. variance of the two groups is relatively equal

what does Cohen’s D measure?

the effect size of an independent samples t test.

.2 = small

. 5 = medium

.8 = large

what does the Chi square test measure, and how?

the relationship or association between two categorical variables. It does this by examining whether the proportions/percentages across groups are statistically significant

What are the 2 Chi square assumptions?

1. peoples measurements are independent of one another

2. there are at least 5 measurements in each cell of the contingency table (larger samples are better)

what are a few reasons why correlation does not equal causation?

the relationship may only appear under certain conditions

the association might be faked or due to random chance

there might be a third variable confound

What is the only way of establishing causation in an experiment?

By good experimental design