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what is a cognitive interview
a method of interviewing eyewitnesses to help them retrieve more accurate memories. It uses 4 main techniques: report everything, reinstate the context, reverse the order, change perspective
4 main techniques of cognitive interview
report everything → include every detail even if it seems irrelevant → may trigger other memories
reinstate the context → put witness back in the scene (in their mind) and imagine environment and emotions → related to context dependant forgetting
reverse the order → harder to lie in the opposite order → ppl report what actually happened rather than what they expect happened
change perspective → recall the incident from another perspective → done to disrupt the effects of expectations and schemas on recall
enhanced cognitive interview (ECI)
same as cognitive interview but has added components:
establishing eye contact
reducing eyewitness anxiety
ask open ended questions
getting the witness to speak slowly
minimising distractions
strength of cognitive interviews
Evidence that its effective
a meta-analysis by Kohnken combined data from 55 studies comparing the cognitive interviews with the standard police interview
→ 41% increase in accurate info w cognitive interview
shows cognitive interview effective in helping witnesses recall info
counterpoint- Kohnken also found amount of inaccurate info increased too. suggesting cognitive interviews sacrifice quality of eye witness testimonies in favour of quantity
one weaknesses of cognitive interviews
some techniques have been found more useful than others
Milne and Bull found a combination of “ report everything” and “ reinstate the context” produce better recall than the other elements
weakens credibility of overall cognitive interviews
another weaknesses of cognitive interviews
time consuming and more training required
standard police interview: take a statement follow up if necasary
cognitive interview uses 4 main techniques → time consuming→ requires special training that many forces cannot provide for more than a few hours → not practical or realistic method for police officers to use