Plant Science Exam 2

gymnosperm

represented mainly by narrow-leaved, evergreen trees

angiosperm

usually broad-leaved, flowering plants

gymnosperm (seed)

naked seed

angiosperms (seed)

seeds in fruit (mature)

monocotelydon

grasses, cereals

dicotelydon

legumes, vegetables, flowers

cotyledon leaf veins

parallel

cotyledon flower parts

in multiples of 3

dicotyledon leaf veins

networked

dicotyledon flower parts

multiples of 4/5

female (_________)

pistillate flowers form first

Each corn kernel is an individual fruit (_______)

caryopsis

prokaryotic

no separate subcellular membrane enclosed units bacteria, blue green algae

eukaryotic

membrane enclosed subunits (organelles) nucleus, mitochondria, etc.

nucleus

contains genetic info (DNA, RNA) cell control center

endoplasmic reticulum

smooth-lipids/hormone production

rough-protein synthesis

ribosomes

attached to the ER

protein synthesis

golgi complex

package and transports proteins

forms lysosomes

lysosomes

cellular digestion

proteins, fats, carb digestion

mitochondria

respiration/ATP production

powerhouse of the cell

cell wall

protects cell/structure

movement of materials in and out of cell

vacuole

landfill

filled with fluid

storage, digestion, waste removal

chloroplast

chlorophyll

photosynthesis

vacuoles may occupy up to

90% of cells

storage reserve for water and salts

wall as for toxic products

chloroplasts

chromoplasts with chlorophyll responsible for photosynthesis in leaves/stems light energy is harvested by pigments converted into chemical energy in the form of sugars

tissues

large tracts of organized cells of similar structure

perform a collective function

vegetative organs

roots, stems, leaves

reproductive organs

flowers, fruits, seeds

meristem/meristematic

actively dividing cells

cells divide and differentiate

permanent tissues

develop from differentiating meristem cells

simple-epidermis, parenchyma

complex-xylem, phloem

meristematic tissues list

root

shoot apical

subapical

lateral

intercalary

apical meristems

opposite-produce buds and leaves in uniform patter

alternate-one side of the stem to the other going along the stem

spiral-whorl pattern on stem

subapical meristems elongate and produce new cells to increase stem length between leaves

internode

subapical meristems activity is particularly observed on rosette plants that

bolt to produce flower stems

lateral meristems

vascular cambium

xylem

phloem

cork cambium

bark

stoma

reduce water loss

trichomes

(hairs) on leaves

root hairs

identify these structures

xylem

conduct H2O and dissolved minerals

tracheids

long, tapered, dead cells that conduct water through pits

plant roots

absorb H2O and mineral nutrients

anchor and support

apoplastic pathway

intercellular spaces of the epidermal and cortical cells

symplastic pathway

intracellular pathway thru cells

stolon

modified propagative stems produced above ground

rhizomes

horizontally elongated underground stems with buds at the nodes

corms

underground thickened compressed stems

bulbs

compressed underground stems with many leaves attached

tubers

underground enlarged fleshy stems

leaves primary functions

photosynthesis

transpiration

know these structures

complete flower

sepals

petals

stamen

carpel (pistil)

perfect

both male and female parts

imperfect

either male or female

stamen

anther and filament

carpel (pistil)

stigma, style, ovary, ovule

monoecious

plant has both male and female flowers

corn, soybean, cotton

diecious

plant has either male or female flowers

gingko, holly, waterhemp

if a flower is imperfect then it is

incomplete, monoecious

if the flower is perfect

it is incomplete and monoecious

corymb

an indeterminate inflorescence forming a convex or flat-topped cluster

flowers arise from a central axis on talks (pedicles) of different lengths that bring them all to near the same height

outer flowers typically open first

ex. cherry

cyme

resembles corymb except that the central or topmost flower is the first to open (determinate)

ex. chickweed and strawberry

raceme

single elongated indeterminate arrangement of stalked flowers

ex. mustard and cole crops

spike

elongated, simple, indeterminate inflorescence with sessile (no stalk) flowers

ex. wheat, oats, gladiolus

catkin

a spike with only pistillate or staminate flowers

ex. alder, walnut and willow

panicle

indeterminate branching raceme found in many of the grasses

umbel

indeterminate cluster of flowers of equal length and arise from a common

ex. dill and onions

head

short dense spike

flowers are borne directly on a broad, flat peduncle

ex. daises, sunflowers

spadix

complete densely flowered spike surrounded by a spathe

pericarp

can develop into many different fruit structures

ex. orange peel

simple fruit

a single ovary formed from one flower

categorized as fleshy, semi-fleshy, or dry texture of the mature perircarp

fleshy fruits

entire pericarp and accessory parts develop into succulent tissue

drupe

simple fruit derived from a single carpel

ex. peaches, plums, cherries

exocarp

the outer layer becomes the thin skin

mesocarp

the middle layer becomes thick and fleshy

endocarp

the inner layer

becomes hard and stony referred to as the pit (not the seed)

berry

pulpy fruit from one or more carpels

fleshy at maturity

develops few to many seeds

ex. grapes

haperidium

several carpels with inner pulp

juice sacs or vesicles enclosed in a leathery rind

ex. oranges

pepo

an inferior ovary that develops from multiple carpels

outer (edible) portion are derived from the floral tube and receptacle surrounds the multiple carpels

ex. cucumbers

pome

simple fruit made up of several carpels

outer (Edible) portion are derived from the floral tube and reeptacle surrounds the multiple carpels

ex. apple

dehiscent

do not split open when mature

caryopsis

one-seeded surrounded by thin pericarp

adheres tightly to the true see

ex. corn

nut

one-seeded fruit: thick, hard, stony pericarp

ex. oak

samara

one-seeded (elm) or a two-seeded (maple) fruit with a wing-like structure formed from the ovary wall

aggregate fruits

form from several ovaries true fruits attached to or contained within a receptacle or an accessory structure

strawberries have many

achenes (true fruits) each attached to a single fleshy receptacle

blackberries and raspberries

have individual small drupes attached to the fleshy receptacle

achene

simple, one seeded, thin-walled fruit attached to an ovary wall

often mistaken for seeds

strawberry fruits

multiple fruits

develop from many individual ovaries fused into a single structure borne on a common stalk

the pineapple is a large accessory structure covered with seedless (parthenocarpic) berries

seeds contain 3 basic parts

embryo

food storage tissue

seed coat