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gymnosperm
represented mainly by narrow-leaved, evergreen trees
angiosperm
usually broad-leaved, flowering plants
gymnosperm (seed)
naked seed
angiosperms (seed)
seeds in fruit (mature)
monocotelydon
grasses, cereals
dicotelydon
legumes, vegetables, flowers
cotyledon leaf veins
parallel
cotyledon flower parts
in multiples of 3
dicotyledon leaf veins
networked
dicotyledon flower parts
multiples of 4/5
female (_________)
pistillate flowers form first
Each corn kernel is an individual fruit (_______)
caryopsis
prokaryotic
no separate subcellular membrane enclosed units bacteria, blue green algae
eukaryotic
membrane enclosed subunits (organelles) nucleus, mitochondria, etc.
nucleus
contains genetic info (DNA, RNA) cell control center
endoplasmic reticulum
smooth-lipids/hormone production
rough-protein synthesis
ribosomes
attached to the ER
protein synthesis
golgi complex
package and transports proteins
forms lysosomes
lysosomes
cellular digestion
proteins, fats, carb digestion
mitochondria
respiration/ATP production
powerhouse of the cell
cell wall
protects cell/structure
movement of materials in and out of cell
vacuole
landfill
filled with fluid
storage, digestion, waste removal
chloroplast
chlorophyll
photosynthesis
vacuoles may occupy up to
90% of cells
storage reserve for water and salts
wall as for toxic products
chloroplasts
chromoplasts with chlorophyll responsible for photosynthesis in leaves/stems light energy is harvested by pigments converted into chemical energy in the form of sugars
tissues
large tracts of organized cells of similar structure
perform a collective function
vegetative organs
roots, stems, leaves
reproductive organs
flowers, fruits, seeds
meristem/meristematic
actively dividing cells
cells divide and differentiate
permanent tissues
develop from differentiating meristem cells
simple-epidermis, parenchyma
complex-xylem, phloem
meristematic tissues list
root
shoot apical
subapical
lateral
intercalary
apical meristems
opposite-produce buds and leaves in uniform patter
alternate-one side of the stem to the other going along the stem
spiral-whorl pattern on stem
subapical meristems elongate and produce new cells to increase stem length between leaves
internode
subapical meristems activity is particularly observed on rosette plants that
bolt to produce flower stems
lateral meristems
vascular cambium
xylem
phloem
cork cambium
bark
stoma
reduce water loss
trichomes
(hairs) on leaves
root hairs
identify these structures
xylem
conduct H2O and dissolved minerals
tracheids
long, tapered, dead cells that conduct water through pits
plant roots
absorb H2O and mineral nutrients
anchor and support
apoplastic pathway
intercellular spaces of the epidermal and cortical cells
symplastic pathway
intracellular pathway thru cells
stolon
modified propagative stems produced above ground
rhizomes
horizontally elongated underground stems with buds at the nodes
corms
underground thickened compressed stems
bulbs
compressed underground stems with many leaves attached
tubers
underground enlarged fleshy stems
leaves primary functions
photosynthesis
transpiration
know these structures
complete flower
sepals
petals
stamen
carpel (pistil)
perfect
both male and female parts
imperfect
either male or female
stamen
anther and filament
carpel (pistil)
stigma, style, ovary, ovule
monoecious
plant has both male and female flowers
corn, soybean, cotton
diecious
plant has either male or female flowers
gingko, holly, waterhemp
if a flower is imperfect then it is
incomplete, monoecious
if the flower is perfect
it is incomplete and monoecious
corymb
an indeterminate inflorescence forming a convex or flat-topped cluster
flowers arise from a central axis on talks (pedicles) of different lengths that bring them all to near the same height
outer flowers typically open first
ex. cherry
cyme
resembles corymb except that the central or topmost flower is the first to open (determinate)
ex. chickweed and strawberry
raceme
single elongated indeterminate arrangement of stalked flowers
ex. mustard and cole crops
spike
elongated, simple, indeterminate inflorescence with sessile (no stalk) flowers
ex. wheat, oats, gladiolus
catkin
a spike with only pistillate or staminate flowers
ex. alder, walnut and willow
panicle
indeterminate branching raceme found in many of the grasses
umbel
indeterminate cluster of flowers of equal length and arise from a common
ex. dill and onions
head
short dense spike
flowers are borne directly on a broad, flat peduncle
ex. daises, sunflowers
spadix
complete densely flowered spike surrounded by a spathe
pericarp
can develop into many different fruit structures
ex. orange peel
simple fruit
a single ovary formed from one flower
categorized as fleshy, semi-fleshy, or dry texture of the mature perircarp
fleshy fruits
entire pericarp and accessory parts develop into succulent tissue
drupe
simple fruit derived from a single carpel
ex. peaches, plums, cherries
exocarp
the outer layer becomes the thin skin
mesocarp
the middle layer becomes thick and fleshy
endocarp
the inner layer
becomes hard and stony referred to as the pit (not the seed)
berry
pulpy fruit from one or more carpels
fleshy at maturity
develops few to many seeds
ex. grapes
haperidium
several carpels with inner pulp
juice sacs or vesicles enclosed in a leathery rind
ex. oranges
pepo
an inferior ovary that develops from multiple carpels
outer (edible) portion are derived from the floral tube and receptacle surrounds the multiple carpels
ex. cucumbers
pome
simple fruit made up of several carpels
outer (Edible) portion are derived from the floral tube and reeptacle surrounds the multiple carpels
ex. apple
dehiscent
do not split open when mature
caryopsis
one-seeded surrounded by thin pericarp
adheres tightly to the true see
ex. corn
nut
one-seeded fruit: thick, hard, stony pericarp
ex. oak
samara
one-seeded (elm) or a two-seeded (maple) fruit with a wing-like structure formed from the ovary wall
aggregate fruits
form from several ovaries true fruits attached to or contained within a receptacle or an accessory structure
strawberries have many
achenes (true fruits) each attached to a single fleshy receptacle
blackberries and raspberries
have individual small drupes attached to the fleshy receptacle
achene
simple, one seeded, thin-walled fruit attached to an ovary wall
often mistaken for seeds
strawberry fruits
multiple fruits
develop from many individual ovaries fused into a single structure borne on a common stalk
the pineapple is a large accessory structure covered with seedless (parthenocarpic) berries
seeds contain 3 basic parts
embryo
food storage tissue
seed coat
