Chapter 8

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget's theory that focuses on the stages of cognitive development in children, including assimilation and accommodation.

Assimilation

The process of incorporating new objects, events, experiences, and information into existing cognitive schemes.

Accommodation

Modifying existing cognitive schemes and creating new ones to incorporate new experiences and information.

Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

The four stages (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational) that children progress through in Piaget's theory.

Humans construct schemes, or general action plans, on the basis of experiences.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Approach

Lev Vygotsky's theory emphasizing the role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development, including concepts like private speech and the zone of proximal development.

Kohlberg's Stage Theory of Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory that describes the stages individuals go through in moral reasoning, with three levels and two stages at each level.

Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson's theory that outlines psychosocial stages individuals go through across the lifespan, each characterized by a conflict to be resolved.

Attachment

The strong emotional bond formed between a child and their primary caregiver, influencing social and emotional development.

Language Development

The process through which children acquire language skills, including phases like babbling, one-word stage, and telegraphic speech.

Parenting Styles

Different approaches to parenting, including Authoritarian, Authoritative, and Permissive styles, each with distinct impacts on child outcomes.

Marriage and Divorce

½ of all US households are headed by a married couple; the other half have different arrangements.

Benefits of Marriage

Marriage is associated with many physical and psychological benefits, especially in healthy relationships.

John Holland's Theory

Matching personality with job increases work satisfaction.

Personality Types and Traits

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional.

Physical Changes in Later Adulthood

General slowing, farsightedness, hearing loss, shrinking cortex.

Social Adjustment in Later Adulthood

Retirement rates, stress levels, and the importance of financial planning.

Living Arrangements

Independence in White Americans, living with relatives in Latin-American and Asian cultures.

Successful Aging Components

Good physical health, retention of cognitive abilities, engagement in social and productive activities.

Stages of Death and Dying

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance; variations in reactions and types of euthanasia.

Developmental Psychology

how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the lifespan

Assimilation

• process for incorporating new objects, events, experiences, and information into existing schemes

Accommodation

• modifying existing schemes and creating new ones to incorporate new experiences and information and develop novel ways to engage

• completely new experiences and information and develop novel ways to engage

Neo-Piagetians

explain cognitive development as a function of working memory development. (speaking to yourself helps you become smarter) & scaffolding helps kids become smarter too

Erikson

proposed individuals progress through 8 psychosocial stages that span the entire period from birth to death. Each stage is defined by a conflict involving the individual’s relationship with the social environment. A positive resolution of each conflict makes it more likely that an individual will be successful in later stages.