Quiz 4 Anatomy

Cervical enlargement

Lumbosacral enlargement

Conus Medullaris

Cauda Equina

Posterior Median Fissure

Anterior Median Fissure

Dorsal Horn

Ventral Horn

Lateral Horn

Describe the basic procedure of a spinal tap and anesthetic

inserting a needle into the lower back to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for testing, lidocaine or bupivacaine

What level/ region of the spinal chord does a spinal tap occur?

between L3 and L4

Describe the pathway for tactile information from the peripheries to the cortex of the brain

First Order, second order, third order

Where are the 3 orders of neurons located

First order: Dorsal root ganglia

Second Order: Spinal chord/ brainstem

Third order: Thalamus

1st order neuron from lower limb

Gracile Fasciculus

1st order neuron from upper limb

Cuneate Fasciculus

Describe the relationship between the upper and lower motor neurons

Upper motor neurons synapse on lower motor neurons in ventral horn

Where does crossing over of the motor tract occur?

at the base of the pyramids

What structures of the midbrain and medulla does the corticospinal tract pass through?

cerebral peduncles

list all cranial nerves

What are the sympathetic chain ganglia and where are they located?

Sympathetic motor neuron circuits parallel to the spinal chord

What are the two structures of the external ear? what cartilage is in the auricle?

Auricle/pinna ( Elastic Cartilage)

External Acoustic meatus

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

What is the oval window in the ear?

a small, oval-shaped opening in the medial wall of the middle ear that serves as a communication pathway between the middle ear and the inner ear's vestibule, specifically where the stapes footplate sits

Scala Vestibuli

Scala tymphani

Scala Media

Stereocilia

Basilar membrane

Tectorial membrane

Identify structures of auditory circuit

Cochlea, Cochlear nerve, cochlear nuclei, superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate body, and auditory cortex

facial nerve innervates what?

anterior 2/3 of tongue

Glossopharyngeal innervates what?

posterior 1/3 of tongue

Vagus nerve innervates what?

surface of epiglottis

Which nucleus of the medulla do the taste nerves project to?

solitary nucleus

what does the fibrous layer consist of?

Sclera and Cornea

Vascular layer

Iris, Ciliary Body( Ciliary muscles and Zonules), Choroid

Inner layer

Retina( Macula; fovea centralis, optic disc)

Anterior cavity

Anterior chamber, Posterior chamber, Aqueous humor

What drains the Aqueous humor fluid

scleral venous sinus

What Causes glaucoma?

When Aqueous humor cannot be drained thru scleral venous sinus so pressure builds up

Focuses the image on the photoreceptors of the retina

Consists of concentric layers of cells

Changes shape due to:

•Tension in suspensory ligaments

•Contraction and relaxation of ciliary muscles

lens

Posterior Cavity

Vitreous humor

identify all the structures of the visual circuit