chaprer 3

Flashcards for nutrition review.

Ingestion

The collection of nutrients into the digestive tract.

Chemical Breakdown

The breaking apart of food macromolecules by enzymes secreted by the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.

Mechanical Breakdown

Includes mastication (chewing) and the muscular contractions of the stomach and small intestine.

Mastication

The process of chewing food.

Chyme

A semiliquid mass of partially digested food that also contains gastric juices.

Small Intestine

Organ responsible for maximizing nutrient absorption, aided by folds, villi, and microvilli.

Large Intestine

Primary task is to reabsorb water and electrolytes from undigested food.

Prebiotic Foods

Foods that feed beneficial bacteria in the gut, such as bananas, garlic, and oats.

Probiotic Foods

Foods containing live beneficial bacteria, such as yogurt, kimchi, and kombucha.

Peristalsis

Muscular contractions that facilitate the mechanical breakdown of food.

Segmentation

Muscular contractions that facilitate the mechanical breakdown of food.

Metabolic Homeostasis

Nutrient energy intake is in equilibrium with the energy required for life's biological processes.

Liver's Role

Exports nutrients for energy production to other tissues when fasted and stores nutrients when fed.

Energy

The quantity of work a particular system can perform.

Potential Energy

Stored energy.

Kinetic Energy

Moving energy.

Thermal Energy

The collective, microscopic, kinetic, and potential energy of molecules within matter.

Chemical Energy

Potential energy in chemical bonds.

Electrochemical Energy

Electrical impulses travel to and from the brain encoded as nerve impulses.

Calorie

A unit of energy; equivalent to the amount of energy required to heat 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Kilocalorie

The amount of heat generated needed to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius.

Macronutrient Kilocalories

Carbohydrates and protein each yield 4 kcal/gram, fat yields 9 kcal/gram, and alcohol has 7 kcal/gram.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A persistent form of acid reflux that occurs more than two times per week.

Heartburn

A burning sensation that radiates throughout the chest, a common symptom of GERD.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Characterized by muscle spasms in the colon that result in abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea.

Celiac Disease

Autoimmune disorder caused by an abnormal immune reaction of small intestine cells to gluten.

Gluten

A type of protein that triggers an immune reaction in individuals with Celiac Disease.

Diverticulitis

A condition that occurs when the sacs in the lining of the colon become inflamed.

Colon Cancer

Malignancy located in the colon and usually progresses slowly over time.

Food Allergy Symptoms

Include tingling mouth, swelling, difficulty breathing, hives, cramps, vomiting, and potentially death.

Digestion

The process by which food is broken down into smaller, absorbable units.

Absorption

The process by which nutrients are taken up by the body.

Elimination

The removal of indigestible food from the body.

Salivary Glands

Secrete digestive juices to aid the digestive system.

Pancreas

Secondary organ that secretes digestive juices to aid the digestive system.

Liver

Secondary organ that secretes digestive juices to aid the digestive system and is a checkpoint foe metabolic activity.

Gallbladder

Secondary organ that secretes digestive juices to aid the digestive system.

Villi

Increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption.

Microvilli

Increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption.

Capillaries

Absorb digested nutrients in the small intestine.

Lymphatic Vessels

Absorb digested nutrients in the small intestine.

Electrolytes

Reabsorbed in the large intestine.

Kombucha

A probiotic other food.

Apple Cider Vinegar

A probiotic other food.

Enzymes

Secreted by the salivary glands to chemically breakdown food.

Bile

Emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

Nutrient Energy Intake

Needs to equal energy output for metabolic homeostasis

Thermal Energy

Heat energy.

Nutrition Facts Panel

Lists the number of Calories contained in a commercially prepared food.

Dietary Modifications for GERD

Avoid foods that worsen GERD symptoms, eat smaller meals, and remain upright for at least three hours after a meal.

Dietary Modifications for IBS

Keep daily food journal to identify and eliminate foods that cause problems, eat slower, add more fiber to diet and drink more water.

Diverticulitis Treatment

Antibiotics for infection and short hospital stay for severe cases.

Colon Cancer Prevention

Eat a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, stop smoking, drink alcohol sparingly, exercise, and get regular colon screenings.

Autoimmune Disorder

A condition in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues; Celiac Disease.

Pale, fatty, loose stools

A symptom of Celiac Disease.

Gastrointestinal Upset

A symptom of Celiac Disease.

Abdominal Pain

A symptom of Celiac Disease.

Weight Loss

A symptom of Celiac Disease.

Failure to Grow and Thrive

A symptom of Celiac Disease in children.

Lower Abdominal Pain

A symptom of Diverticulitis.

Nausea

A symptom of Diverticulitis.

Alternating between constipation and diarrhea

A symptom of Diverticulitis.

Tingling Mouth

A symptom of a food allergy.

Swelling Tongue and/or throat

A symptom of a food allergy.

Difficulty Breathing

A symptom of a food allergy.

Hives

A symptom of a food allergy.

Stomach Cramps

A symptom of a food allergy.

Diarrhea

A symptom of a food allergy.

Vomiting

A symptom of a food allergy.

Drop in Blood Pressure

A symptom of a food allergy.

Loss of Consciousness

A symptom of a food allergy.

Death

A symptom of a food allergy.

Fiber

Helps prevent Diverticulitis and colon cancer.

Yogurt

A probiotic dairy food.

Cheese

A probiotic dairy food.

Buttermilk

A probiotic dairy food.

Kefir

A probiotic dairy food.

Bananas

A prebiotic fruit food.

Dates

A prebiotic fruit food.

Figs

A prebiotic fruit food.

Apples

A prebiotic fruit food.

Garlic

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Leeks

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Tomatoes

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Onions

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Jerusalem artichokes

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Asparagus

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Chicory root

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Dandelion greens

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Jicama root

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Seaweed

A prebiotic vegetable food.

Chickpeas

A prebiotic legumes food.

Lentils

A prebiotic legumes food.

Soybeans

A prebiotic legumes food.

Pistachios

A prebiotic nuts and seeds food.

Cashews

A prebiotic nuts and seeds food.

Flaxseed

A prebiotic nuts and seeds food.

Whole oats

A prebiotic grains food.

Barley

A prebiotic grains food.

Wheat bran

A prebiotic grains food.