HIST 202 Midterm 1
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65 Terms
What is true of the interactions between peoples across continents prior to 1490s?
No long-distance maritime linkages existed between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia.
2 multiple choice options
How were the lands and peoples within the Old World web affected by the regional interconnections in 1400?
Over time, the number of languages spoken and religions observed within the Old World web declined.
3 multiple choice options
How did the character of regional webs in the Americas differ from the Old World web?
Long-distance commerce was far more robust in the Old World web than in the Americas.
2 multiple choice options
By 1400, how did the people of Africa figure into the world's expanding webs of connectivity?
People in the northern half of Africa were deeply enmeshed in the Old World web, while those in the southern third were more isolated.
2 multiple choice options
What set the oceanic voyaging undertaken by the Ming dynasty apart from European voyaging?
The scale of the Ming operation far exceeded its European counterparts in terms of size, resources, and manpower.
2 multiple choice options
What role did the coasts of Africa play in the early European explorations of the Atlantic?
Frequent traffic along the African coast and to the islands above northwestern Africa helped the Portuguese master oceanic wind patterns.
2 multiple choice options
Which of these statements accurately describes the voyages of Vasco de Gama?
Da Gama pioneered a rout between Western Europe and South Asia and established a Portuguese commercial presence in India.
2 multiple choice options
What was the state of global oceanic voyaging by the end of the eighteenth century?
All significant islands and major coastlines had been encountered and mapped by Europeans sailors.
2 multiple choice options
Why were Native Americas especially vulnerable to the new diseases acquired through the Columbia Exchange?
Unlike most adults in the Old World web, Native Americas lacked immune systems that had acquired resistance or immunity to European pathogens.
3 multiple choice options
What impact did biological exchange from the Americas have on the Old World web?
Maize, native to the Americas, sparked population growth in Eurasia and contributed to state=building in Africa.
2 multiple choice options
How did biological and social processes interact to enhance the severity of biological globalization in the Americas and the Pacific?
Enslavement and forced migration weakened the health and nutrition of indigenous peoples, which made them more vulnerable to deadly disease.
2 multiple choice options
What was a consequence of the weaving of the first truly Global web?
Both the spread and evolution of major religions.
2 multiple choice options
Which of these exchanges of biological globalization was the most consequential and most one-sided?
The exchange of infectious diseases.
2 multiple choice options
What distinguished the Atlantic Europeans from earlier groups that had extended and consolidated the webs of the Old World?
The scale of web expansion led by Atlantic Europeans was global, giving them access to information and resources on every continent.
2 multiple choice options
How ddi Island spread into sub-Saharan Africa?
Merchants along the Swahili coast and across the Sahel introduced Islam.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following was true of both Portuguese and Butch influence in sub-Saharan Africa?
Both brought disease, leading to indigenous decline and an expansion of slavery.
2 multiple choice options
How did the transatlantic slave trade differ from preexisting African slave markets?
The transatlantic trade was larger in scale than the trans-Saharan, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean slave circuits.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following is more important when considering the mortality rate of indigenous Americas due to Old World diseases?
The mortality rate was higher where the native population density was the greatest.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the relationship between the new European empires and the preexisting American empires?
Europeans depended upon the preexisting imperial systems, both economically and militarily.
2 multiple choice options
How did North America's entry into the Global web differ from that of South America?
Abundant fist and fur-bearing mammals made these exports a greater portion of the North American economy than they were in South America.
2 multiple choice options
What made the hybrid cultures of Mexico, Brazil, and the Andes more complex than the cultures of North America of the Caribbean?
The proportion of surviving indigenous populations was greater in Mexico, Brazil, and the Andes than in North America of the Caribbean.
2 multiple choice options
How was Siberia's absorption into the Global web different from that of the Americas?
The Americas were brought into the Global web by transoceanic forces, while Siberia was absorbed by invaders moving across land.
2 multiple choice options
How did the Russian conquest of Siberia most directly affect people in the Americas?
The Russian fur trade expanded eastward to the Pacific and then crossed into the Americas, leading to diseases and disruption among American Aleuts.
2 multiple choice options
How was the pattern of disease and demographic decline that Australia and Oceania experienced different from that of the Americas, Africa, and Siberia?
Australia and Oceania remained isolated from the Old World web longer, with most of the decline occurring in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following best characterizes the economic history of Oceania's entry into the Global web?
Old World plants and animals were brought to this region and came to dominate the economy.
3 multiple choice options
Why was Africa's entry into the Global web less disruptive than that of the Americas, Siberia, and Oceania?
Much of Africa had already been exposed to crowd diseases.
2 multiple choice options
How was the growth of the Global web a process that was both destructive and creative at the same time?
The displacement and upheaval caused by Eurasian expansion created openings for new ideas and belief systems.
2 multiple choice options
Why was the intellectual upheaval in this period greater in Europe than in other centers of the Old World web?
A combination of new inventions and a wider scope of oceanic commercial circuits brought more information to Europe than elsewhere.
2 multiple choice options
Why didn't the Chinese, who invented the printing press, experience a revolution in publishing and literacy before the Europeans?
The printing press offered fewer advantages to Chinese, a language based on characters, than it did to languages based on alphabets.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following is a characteristic of both the Renaissance and the Reformation?
Both movements featured a return to ancient texts.
3 multiple choice options
What was new about the Scientific Revolution?
The method by which intellectuals sought to understand the natural world changed.
2 multiple choice options
What role did the political structure of Europe play in the intellectual and religious movements of the early modern period?
The fragmented nature of political society provided refuge and support for unconventional thinkers and artists.
2 multiple choice options
What was the role of Shi'a Islam in the rise of the Safavid dynasty?
Shi'a served to distinguish the Safavid from their rivals and to tie them to Muhammad's lineage.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following characteristics were shared by Sikhism and Protestantism?
A rejection of ornate rituals and elite priests.
2 multiple choice options
What changes did Wang Yangming make to traditional neo-Confucianism?
Wang argued that book learning was not the only way to achieve true wisdom.
2 multiple choice options
What made Chinese and Japanese audiences receptive to Christian missionaries?
Christian missionaries sometimes brought with them technical knowledge and desirable goods from overseas.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following was the most important factor in determining whether the new religions and intellectual movements of this period experienced serious repression?
The strength and unity of the political regime in which they developed.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following factors was most likely to determine whether an individual participated in the intellectual upheavals of this period?
The gender and social class of the individual.
2 multiple choice options
What distinguishes the Scientific Revolution from the religious movements of this period?
Ordinary people were more involved in the religious movements than they were in the Scientific Revolution.
2 multiple choice options
What was the relationship between military and political power during the early modern period?
The development of new military technologies and practices led to fewer states.
2 multiple choice options
Why was the early modern period a time of imperial expansion and consolidation?
Fewer states could afford the rising cost of warfare.
3 multiple choice options
Why did it become necessary for states to have standing armies?
The new weapons required trained soldiers to operate them.
3 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the role of the samurai in the unification of Japan?
The samurai played a less significant role compared to that of the armed peasantry.
2 multiple choice options
How was the Qing imperial expansion and consolidation different from the growth of other empires during the early modern period?
The Qing were less reliant on innovations in firearms technology.
2 multiple choice options
How did Akbar, a Muslim invader from the north, achieve legitimacy in multireligious India?
Akbar taxed non-Muslims at the same rate as Muslims.
2 multiple choice options
How did the Ottomans improve their system of taxation?
They contracted private parties to collect taxes for them.
2 multiple choice options
How did both Ivan IV and Peter the Great enhance Russian participation in world trade?
Both leaders conquered areas that gave Russia access to foreign markets.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the sixteenth-century Habsburg Empire geographically?
A collection of disjointed European territories unified politically through strategic marriages.
2 multiple choice options
How did incessant warfare in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries give European empires advantages over Asian empires in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?
It required rulers to develop efficient tax systems and cutting-edge military power.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following practices was most likely to make a small state vulnerable to conquest?
Maintaining high levels of expertise in archery and swordsmanship.
2 multiple choice options
What caused some indigenous American societies to become militant nomadic forces?
European introduction of horses and guns into the Americas.
2 multiple choice options
How did the world become more politically homogenous over the course of the early modern period?
Militarized states were able to eliminate non-state actors.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes economic life for the majority of the world's people between 1500 and 1800?
Most people farmed and consumed what they produced.
2 multiple choice options
What were the main factors behind the rise in world population between 1500 and 1800?
Better nutrition and fewer epidemics led to a rise in population.
2 multiple choice options
What is the relationship between global population and the gross world product (GWP) during this period?
The GWP rises as the population grows because more people are producing.
2 multiple choice options
How do we know that the economic growth of this period was unevenly distributed?
Available archeological and military records show a decline in the height of ordinary people.
2 multiple choice options
How did Vasco da Gama's voyages affect the spice trade?
Traders could sell directly to Europe without passing through Ottoman territory.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following best expresses cotton's role in the early modern Global web?
Cotton was both a method of payment and a product of enslaved labor.
2 multiple choice options
What was the relationship between the silver trade and the consolidation of empire in the early modern period?
Expanding empires used silver to pay for military modernization.
2 multiple choice options
What distinguished the Caribbean and Brazilian sugar plantations from earlier Mediterranean and coastal African plantations?
Sugar plantations in the Americas were much larger-scale productions involving massive imports of slave labor.
2 multiple choice options
In what way was the business model of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) like the business model of the sugar plantation?
Both operations relied upon economies of scale and the threat of violence.
2 multiple choice options
Why did the expansion of global trade in the early modern period generate new forms of financial institutions?
The period of time between the buying and the selling of goods became longer.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following best describes the nature of the Global web at the end of the early modern period?
A patchy network of global connections with dense clusters on each end of the Eurasian landmass.
2 multiple choice options
Which part of the world saw its relative share of commerce fall, and why?
Southwest Asia because it was bypassed by transoceanic routes.
2 multiple choice options
Which of the following factors was the most important in determining commercial success in the early modern world?
Access to information in different parts of the world.
2 multiple choice options