UNCO Bio110 Exam 2

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

Adrenoleukodestrophy (ALD) symptoms

lethargy, fatigue,

decreased blood sugar,

nervous system deterioration

fatty acid build up in cells

allosteric

A type of enzyme that changes its conformation and its function in response to a modifier

Anabolic

build up molecules, requires energy

Animal cells

no cell wall

no chloroplasts

no large central vacuole

plasma membrane

antiporters

move two molecules in opposite directions

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ATP structure

Nitrogenous base, adenine, bonded to ribose and a chain of three phosphate groups.

ATPase pump

3 Na+ in, 2 K+ out

Bacteria and Archaea

prokaryotes

bianary fission

bacterial cell replicates its genome and divides in half

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

Catabolic

breaking down molecules, releasing energy

cell theory

-living organisms are composed of cells

-cells are the smallest units of life

-new cells come only from pre-existing cells

Channels

regulate water flow and solutes through membrane

Cilia

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

competitive inhibition

Substrate and inhibitor compete for binding at the active site of the enzyme

components of cytoskeleton

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

coupled reactions

pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound

Crenation

shrinking of red blood cells

cystic fibrosis symptoms

thick mucus in lungs

salty sweat

lung infections

lack of moisture in lungs

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Endergonic

requires energy

endomembrane system

regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell

Endosytosis

the process in which a substance is taken into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane forming a sphere called a vesicle

energy conversion

the process of changing energy from one form to another

energy conversion efficiency

the ratio of useful energy output to the amount needing to be input

Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness.

enzyme function

speed up chemical reactions

enzyme regulation

Metabolic pathways are tightly regulated by controlling when and where enzymes are active

enzyme-substrate complex

enzyme binds to its substrate

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Eukarya

Eukaryotic

euykaryotic cells

has membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

Exergonic

releases energy

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

factors that affect diffusion

concentration, temperature, pressure

factors that affect membrane fluidity

length of fatty acid tails (shorter, more fluid)

double bonds in tails (more unsaturated, more fluidity)

presence of cholesterol (stabilizes membranes)

features of ALL prokaryotes

Plasma membrane

Nucleoid

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

features of eukaryotic cells

nucleus

compartmentalization

membrane-enclosed organelles

cytoskeleton

features of ONLY SOME prokaryotes

cell wall

flagellum

plasmid

feedback inhibition

A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.

first law of thermodynamics

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

free energy

energy that is available to do work

functions of cytoskeleton

cell shape

internal organization

intercellular transport

movement

gene regulation

the process of turning genes on and off

Golgi apparatus

Make, process and package proteins

higher surface area to volume ratio

More surface area less volume

How did eukaryotes evolve?

endosymbiotic theory

How do enzymes work?

Lower activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction

how do molecules cross the cell membrane

hydrophobic and small polar molecules can diffuse, while ions and large polar molecules must use passive, or active transport

How does ATP work?

ATP splits the protein to release its stored protein.

How does diffusion work?

particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Temperature increases enzyme activity.

How is ATP replenished?

by oxidation of food fuels

Hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.

Hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution

inhibition of enzyme activity

act as competitive inhibitors

intergral proteins

Proteins that go all the way through the membrane

Km

Substrate concentration at 1/2 Vmax

location of mitochondria

floating in the cytoplasm

lyctic cycle

Attaches receptor on host cell

Injects DNA

Viral DNA attaches to host DNA

Host cell makes new viruses

Viruses increase, causing cell to burst

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

membrane fluidity

extent to which lipid molecules can move in the plane of the membrane

membrane lipids

phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol

metabolic pathways

chemical reactions within a cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

NAD function

transfer their energy into set of cytochromes

NaK pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport Na ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

noncompetitive inhibitor

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes inside the nucleus

Nucleus contains…

DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

nucleus structure

bounded by a double membrane and contains DNA

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

passive transport

Requires NO energy

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Moves with the concentration gradient

peripheral proteins

bound to the surface of the membrane

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

Plant cells

have cell wall

have central vacuole

chloroplasts

plasma membrane

primary transport

use energy from ATP to move molecules AGAINST the gradient

prokaryotic cell

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Proteomes

all of the proteins that a given cell makes

Protiens

substances that help build and maintain body cells and tissues

redox reaction

the movement of electrons from one molecule to another

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Rough ER

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

second law of thermodynamics

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

secondary transport

the use of energy stored in an ionic gradient

Smooth ER

Makes lipids, no ribosomes

some types of cellular diseases

PCD, Gaucher, Cystic Fibrosis, ALD

Structure of enzymes

made of proteins

structure of mitochondria

double membrane

surface area to volume ratio

Ratio of a cell's outside area to its internal volume.

symporters

move two molecules in the same direction

Symptoms of Gaucher's disease

enlarged liver or spleen

anemia

fatigue

impaired clotting

bruising'

yellow fatty deposits in the eye

fatty substance in the liver

symptoms of PCD syndrome

difficulty breathing

chronic bronchitis

sinusitis

hearing loss

reduced sense of smell

Three basic shapes of prokaryotes

coccus, bacillus, spiral

Total energy equation

TE = KE + PE

transition site

point during a reaction at which substrate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously