Lecture four - juvenile

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to schools, peers, delinquency, types of justice in education, student rights, truancy, bullying, and school safety based on the lecture notes.

Risk Factors (Delinquency)

Predicts an increased probability of later offending.

Protective Factors (Delinquency)

May provide a buffer between risk factors and offending.

Risk Factor Paradigm

Identification of risk factors and protective factors as key in reducing delinquency.

Individual Protective Factors

Examples include high IQ, positive social skills, and willingness to please adults.

Family Risk Factors

Examples include maltreatment & abuse, inadequate child rearing, large family size, divorce, poverty, exposure to violence, parental psychopathology, and low positive parental involvement.

Family Protective Factors

Examples include participation in shared activities, a forum for discussing problems, economic resources, and a positive mentor/ally within the family.

Peer Risk Factors

Examples include peers engaging in risky/delinquent behavior, gang involvement, bullying, rejection, peer pressure, and lack of pro-social peers.

Peer Protective Factors

Examples include pro-social peers, peers with strong family bonds, social inclusion, positive friendships, and engagement in leisure activities.

School Connectedness

A protective factor in schools related to feeling a part of the school community.

Positive School Environment

A protective factor in schools that offers supportive resources and services.

Labeling (in schools)

A risk factor in schools where negative labels can impact student behavior and outcomes.

Grade Retention

A risk factor in schools, referring to holding a student back a grade.

Truancy

Repeated, unexcused absences from school.

Traditional Responses (to truancy)

Responses such as exclusion policies and zero tolerance policies.

School-to-Prison Pipeline

Practices that criminalize student behavioral problems in the school system and rely on the juvenile justice system to control student behavior.

Retributive Justice

A type of justice rooted in punishment, focusing on the offense and aligned with a zero tolerance approach.

Rehabilitative Justice

A type of justice rooted in the rehabilitation of the offender, focusing on 'fixing' them through therapeutic measures.

Restorative Justice

A philosophy designed to promote conflict resolution by permitting people to remedy harm, focusing on the relationship between perpetrators and victims.

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969)

Court ruling that students have freedom of speech/expression, even symbolic speech, as long as it is not disruptive ('Students do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate').

Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)

Court ruling that schools can prohibit speech that is vulgar, offensive, or inconsistent with the school’s educational mission.

Morse v. Frederick (2007)

Court ruling that schools can restrict student speech they reasonably believe promotes illegal drug use, even at off-campus school events.

Goss v. Lopez (1975)

Court ruling that students have a right to due process when facing suspension and school disciplinary measures.

Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995) & Board of Education v. Earls (2002)

Court rulings allowing schools to implement certain drug testing policies for students, particularly those engaged in extracurricular activities.

New Jersey v. TLO (1985)

Court ruling that school officials can search students if they have reasonable suspicion, a lower standard than probable cause.

Stafford Unified School District v. Redding (2009)

Court ruling protecting students against unreasonable search and seizure, particularly intrusive strip searches.

Davis v. Monroe County Board of Education (1999)

Court ruling that schools can be held liable under Title IX for student-on-student sexual harassment if deliberately indifferent to severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive harassment.

T.K. v. New York City Department of Education (2011)

Court ruling that schools have a responsibility to prevent bullying that interferes with a student’s education.

Bullying

Unwanted aggressive behavior involving an observed or perceived power imbalance and repetition or a high likelihood of repetition.

Cyberbullying

Bullying that relies on digital means.

RCW 28A.300.285 (Washington Law)

Requires every school district in Washington to adopt an anti-bullying policy covering intentional written, verbal, or physical acts, including cyberbullying.

Target Hardening (School Safety)

Increased security measures in schools, such as security cameras, locked entrances, and random contraband sweeps.

Alternative Education

Programs that serve marginalized students at risk of dropping out, emphasizing practical skills and community integration.

D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)

A police-led program aimed at preventing drug abuse among youth.

G.R.E.A.T. (Gang Resistance Education & Training)

A police-led program aimed at preventing gang involvement among youth.