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The Founders considered land and the products of Earth as a _____ from _______.
gift, God
To gain dominion or subdue means to have ____________ ___________.
exclusive control
Without ownership or property rights, four things would occur. Name two
incentive destroyed, deprived of fruits of labor, Marauding bands, bare subsistence level
Ownership means to have legally protected _______________.
exclusiveness
At what point, according to Locke does something in nature become one's property?
As soon as he puts labor into it.
How did Locke show that the socialist argument of having all things common is impractical and fallacious?
If everyone owned everything, one would have to ask everyone's permission to pick up an apple and he would starve to death.
What is sacred: property or the right to property
The right to property
Give the reason Abraham Lincoln said we should let people become rich.
So that all can see it is possible to become rich
Private property is really an extension of one's ______.
life
Taking from the haves and giving to the have-nots is a violation of _____________ rights.
property
The best story to illustrate how a congressman learned that it is unconstitutional for the government to redistribute wealth is the account of Congressman _______ ___________.
Davy Crockett
Which president said in his veto message of a private welfare bill "though the _support the ____ the ____________ should not support the ___________."
Grover Cleveland, people, government, government, people
According to president Cleveland, how should the misfortunes of citizens be relieved?
By the charity of fellow citizens
Prior to _______ the Supreme Court held that redistribution of wealth was "contrary to the ________ and _______ of the Constitution.
1936, letter, spirit
The Founders search for a system of economics built on natural law concepts was answered in _____ by the publication of ______________________.
1776, The Wealth of Nations
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
A nation is wealthy if its citizens have _____________________________________.
things that make life comfortable
________ ________ said "wealth is not _______ or ________.
Adam Smith, gold, silver
The formula for making things abundant and cheap contains five elements. Name three
specialized production, buying and selling in a free market, supply and demand, profits to make an exchange worthwhile, competition
This book can be summarized in four laws of economic freedom. The freedom to _, _, _, and __.
try, buy, sell, fail
The most destructive force to a free market economy __________________ ______________.
government interference
The Founders agreed government should be involved in four things. Name three
illegal force, fraud, monopoly, debauchery
Adam Smith's formula ceased to be taught beginning around _. Instead, the world became fascinated with a philosophy of __ ________.
1900, Karl Marx
The process of a bank issuing many times more paper notes than it has in assets is ____________ __________ ____________.
fractional reserve banking
Describe the bankers' reaction to Lincoln's program of raising money without debt.
They feared it and editorialized against it.
Name the three types of government discussed anciently by philosophers.
monarchy, aristocracy, democracy
What famous Greek historian first proposed a mixed constitution?
Polybius
What advantage did Polybius see in a "rule by one"?
Efficiency
What advantage did Polybius see in a "rule by wealthy few"?
Maintained the established order
What advantage did Polybius see in a "rule by many"?
Everyone has a voice
Name the Frenchman of the 18th century who picked up these ideas and showed how they could really work?
Baron Charles de Montesquieu
What major difference did he have in his plan?
Judiciary
What question concerning the presidency was much debated in the Constitutional Convention?
How many presidents should we have
Who pushed for the separation of powers doctrine before most people would accept it?
John Adams
What state did John Adams finally get to accept it?
Massachusetts
What did people predict about how people would remember him in history?
They would erect no monuments nor give any elaborate eulogies.
Montesquieu's formula for government could be said to provide a division of power that is "___________ _____ __________________"
separate but coordinated
What great prediction did John Adams make about America that has come to pass?
It would have 200-300 million people without one noble or king among them
Some people wanted the three branches of government to be so completely separated that it would have made the whole system __________________.
unworkable
_________________ said you must have branches separate in their functions but subject to the __________ of other departments
Montesquieu, checks
Some checks from outside the system have been tried which presented more problems. Name one they tried.
Council of Censors, vote of the people
They finally concluded that the system of checks and balances must come from ___________ not from ___________.
inside, outside
How many checks does the Constitution allow?
18
Explain one check
House checks senate by not passing a bill
Explain the second check
Senate checks House by not passing a bill
Explain the third check
President checks Congress by veto
Explain the fourth check
Congress checks President by overriding veto
Explain the fifth check
Congress can impeach executive and judicial
Throughout history how has a ruler dealt with most crisis situations?
Suspended constitution and used military to stay in power
The Founders' system of checks and balances provide for "peaceful ________ ___________.
self-repair
What is an example of peace self-repair"
President Nixon's resignation
One weakness of Anglo-Saxon common law was that it was not ____________?
written
After the Anglo-Saxons were conquered in _________ AD, several attempts were made by _________________ to get the king to recognize their rights.
1066, Englishmen
Several attempts were made by Englishmen to get the king to recognize their rights. Name two of their written documents;
Magna Carta, Petition of Right, English Bill of Rights
The first written agreement in the New World to bind community members together was the _________________ _____________.
Mayflower Compact
Who wrote the first constitution in America?
Rev. Thomas Hooker
What was the first constitution in America called?
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
Our written constitution represents the wisdom of ______.
many
Name one disastrous change made to the Constitution that caused this damage.
The 17th amendment
What was one of the problems in the Articles of Confederation?
it required 100% to pass a law
What part of people can speak for the whole?
the majority
Why would requiring a two-thirds or three-fourths vote for the passage of routine legislation would be dangerous?
The minority can negate the will of the majority
What rights do individuals in the minority possess?
The same as all others
What provision is there in the Constitution to protect the minority from an unjust law passed by the majority?
The right to a jury by peers
______________ said the key to preserving freedom is to divide and subdivide the power of government into ________________________________.
Jefferson, small manageable units
Jefferson identified a 100-family unit as a _. Today we call it a _______.
ward, precinct
Name one main duty assigned to the federal government.
Defense, foreign relations
Name one main duty assigned to the state government.
civil rights, laws
Name one main duty assigned to the county government.
roads, sheriff
Name one main duty assigned to the city government.
sewer, streets, police, fire
Name one main duty assigned to the family government.
farm, children
Name two conditions that result from being governed by the whims of men.
nothing is dependable, no rights are secure, constant state of flux
What is law defined as?
a rule of action
The Founders agreed there is no _______________ without ______.
freedom, law
Explain how law preserves and enlarges freedom.
Gives freedom from fear, therefore people feel free to act
Madison said good law is _____ and ___________________.
few, understandable
What did Plato say we didn't have to do?
Write any laws down
What did Plato say we should do?
Elect the philosopher-king elite to rule us
What did the Founders think of Plato's ideas?
utter nonsense
The Founders Fathers were the first to believe that the whole people should be _______________.
educated
France had a literacy rate of about _______.
two percent
In 1647, Massachusetts passed a law requiring a community of ___ families to have a ____________ school.
50, grammar
A community of 100 families was required to have a ________________ school.
secondary
John Adams wrote, in 1765, an American who could not read or write was as rare as __________________________________.
a comet or an earthquake
According to Adams, what do rulers dread most?
People's knowledge of their character and conduct
Name two functions of a good school board in early America.
visit each school monthly, select textbooks, select and certify teachers
Describe three things about the civility of the American pioneers.
well dressed, well spoken, industrious, religious, knowledgeable about events
What book were school children studying about politics?
The Catechism on the Constitution
______________ ____________ said that the Americans were speaking ___________ better than the _____________.
Daniel Webster, English, English
According to Webster, the __________ was the best source of knowledge about __________________ and ________________.
Bible, responsibility, dignity
Give the three-part formula for a good educational system.
locally supported, parental directed, professionally assisted
What does prosperity usually attract?
Predators
How much defense did the Founders feel was necessary?
Enough to discourage attacks
The Founders believed national defense had two essential components. Name them.
virtue, military
Franklin and Washington said the best way to preserve peace was to be _______________________.
prepared for war
Franklin warned: Make yourselves _________ and the ____________ will eat you.
sheep, wolves
From 1945 to 1980, the U.S. had followed the philosophy of Mutually Assured _________________.
Destruction
What program of defense did President Reagan attempt to implement?
SDI
Sam Adams felt that because freedom is given by God, man must not __________________________.
give it away
The Founders idea of remaining friends with all nations but having no political ties is called ________________.
separatism
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Flashcard (175)