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Red blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues and transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.
Erythrocytes
A protein in erythrocytes that contributes to the red color and gas-carrying capacity. It constitutes about one-third of the weight of a mature erythrocyte.
Hemoglobin
A protein hormone produced by vascular endothelial cells of the kidney that stimulates the production of new red blood cells in the bone marrow.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
The harmful effects of breathing 100% oxygen for several hours, which can cause damage to the lungs, brain, and retina.
Oxygen Toxicity
A highly reactive product derived from oxygen that has a short half-life and can cause tissue damage. It is generated by various processes, including the action of ionizing radiation and the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin.
Superoxide Anion
A highly reactive and toxic product derived from hydrogen peroxide. It affects proteins, DNA, and cell membrane phospholipids, leading to membrane damage and inhibition of metabolic processes.
Hydroxyl Radical
A tripeptide present at high concentrations in erythrocytes that acts as a free radical scavenger and protects against hydrogen peroxide. It contains a sulfhydryl group contributed by cysteine and is constantly being oxidized and reduced to protect against oxidizing agents.
Glutathione
An inactive form of hemoglobin in which the iron has been oxidized from the ferrous to ferric state. It causes a dusky discoloration of the skin and impairs the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen.
Methemoglobin
Large rigid structures formed in erythrocytes when the sulfhydryl groups of hemoglobin become oxidized. They can lead to hemolytic anemia and are associated with certain toxins and conditions.
Heinz Bodies
Substances, such as vitamin E and vitamin C, that help protect against oxidative stress and reduce the harmful effects of free radicals in the body.
Antioxidants
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