HOSA pathophysiology

Preterm Birth or Prematurity

the result of birth before the 37th gestational week of pregnancy. (average human pregnancy is 40 weeks). Neonates are often low-weight, underdeveloped. Preterm birth is the leading cause of death during the neonatal period (first 4 weeks of life).

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS)

Similar to adult respiratory distress syndrome, patient suffers acute hypoxemia (low levels of oxygen in the blood). the alveoli fail to fully expand, leading lack of proper gas exchange, and less oxygen in the blood.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

a chronic lung disease, results after insult to a neonate's lungs. May be related to IRDS. scarring develops in the lungs, particularly the alveoli.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP/Retrolental fibroplasia)

abnormal growth of blood vessels in the infants eyes. occurs in premature infants.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

acute inflammation caused by ischemic (lack of oxygen flow to tissue) necrosis of the mucosal lining of the small intestine and/or large intestine. develops in premature neonates, after fragile intestinal tract becomes active. gastrointestinal tract fails to defend from normal flora.

Robinow syndrome

condition of small stature and related incidence of interorbital distance, bossing/bulging forehead, depressed nasal bridge, malaligned teeth, and short limbs. two forms exist depending on the way of inheritance.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

congenital disorder where a portion of the heart muscle suddenly thickens. cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes.

Down syndrome

condition where an individual possesses 47, instead of 46, chromosomes. accompanied by intellectual disabilities, slanted eyes with folds, and lack of muscle tone.

Cerebral Palsy

a group of disorders affecting the brain and nervous system, particularly the parts dealing with motion, learning, hearing, sight,and thinking. may be congenital or acquired. may result in paralysis.

Muscular Dystrophy

progressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles, where muscle fibers are susceptible to injury.

Spina bifida (neural tube defects)

group of malformations in the spine, where part of the lumbar spinal cord is partially/completely absent. during development, the posterior spinal processes fail to close, allowing the meninges and spinal cord to herniate.

Spina bifida Occulta

Posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to fuse, but there is no herniation.

Meningocele

posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to fuse, and a hernia occurs. The meninges protrude through an opening in the spine, and the sac fills with Cerebrospinal fluid.

Myelomeningocele (Spina bifida cystica)

Posterior arches of the vertebrae fail to fuse, and a hernia occurs. The meninges and a portion of the spinal cord protrude through the spinal column. children with myelomeningocele may also have hydrocephalus.

Hydrocephalus

the amount of cerebrospinal fluid is increased, or it's circulation is blocked, causing enlargement of the head.

Anencephaly

Severe neural tube defect, where the cephalic aspect fails to close. occurs early in gestation. often, part of the brain and skull are left exposed. This condition results in death.

fetal circulation

the system in which a fetus is given oxygen, through the umbilical cord of the mother. This bypasses the lungs, allowing the fetus to avoid using it before birth.

Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)

Nontraumatic deformity of the foot, anterior half is adducted and inverted.

developmental dysplasia of the hip

abnormal development of the hip joint, joint does not develop fully, leading to dislocation.

cleft lip/palate

congenital birth defect, a hole forms in the roof of the mouth (palate).

Cryptorchidism (undescended testes)

the failure of one or both of the testes to descend from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum.

Wilms tumor

malignant neoplasm of the kidney, affecting children of 10 years or younger. fourth most common childhood cancer. adenosarcoma.

Phimosis

narrowing of the opening of the foreskin. while normal in infancy, can be an issue if it persists past neonatal period.

Congenital Pyloric stenosis

pyloric stenosis, congenital disorder where the pyloric sphincter is narrowed. This causes projectile vomiting after feeding.

Hirschsprung Disease (congenital aganglionic megacolon)

impairment of intestinal motility, that causes obstruction of the distal colon. stool fails to pass. ganglion cells are not present, leading to lack of peristalsis (muscle motion that moves fecal matter). fecal matter starts to back up.

Cystic fibrosis

inherited disorder, chronic dysfunction of a gene called CFTR, affects multiple body systems. commonly fatal. thick mucus may obstruct glands in various organ systems, leading to other issues.

phenylketonuria

inherited metabolic disorder, where the body does not have ability to break down amino acid phenylalanine, causing build up in blood that is toxic to the brain.

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY

appears in males who have XXY chromosomes (47). also known as male hypogonadism. testes do not produce enough sex hormones.

turner syndrome (X0)

occurs in females with only one sex chromosome. leads to lack of development in ovaries, and infertility

Chicken Pox

highly contagious, acute viral infection common in young children and adults

Diphtheria

acute, communicable disease that causes necrosis of the mucous membrane in the respiratory tract.

Mumps (epidemic parotitis)

acute communicable viral disease causing inflammation/swelling of one/both of the parotid glands. (parotid glands are in front of each ear)

Pertussis (whooping cough)

highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract. has three stages.

measles

acute, highly contagious viral disease

rubella (german measles, three day measles)

highly contagious viral disease, resembles measles but lasts shorter with fewer complications.

tetanus

acute, potentially deadly systemic infection that causes painful involuntary contraction of the skeletal muscles.

influenza

acute viral infection of the respiratory tract. high incidence in school children. spread through moist droplet secretions in the air.

Common Cold

acute viral infection of the respiratory tract.

Sudden Infant death syndrome (SIDS)

sudden and unpredicted death of an infant under the age of 1.

Croup

acute and severe inflammation/obstruction of the respiratory tract.

epiglottitis

inflammation of the epiglottitis, a thin leaf shaped structure that covers the larynx.

acute tonsilitis

painful inflammation and infectious process affecting the tonsils

adenoid hyperplasia

nelargement of adenoid tissue behind the nose, leading to difficulty breathing.

asthma

chronic reversible obstructive disease caused by increased reactivity to tracheobronchial tree to various stimuli. constriction of the bronchioles, and inflammation of the airway. leading cause of chronic illness and school absentis in children.

bronchiolitis

inflammation of the bronchioles, the smalles air passages of the lungs. normally caused by viruses. common in infancy.

infantile colic

colic is the intermittent distress of an infant. cause of distress is unknown.

Helminth (worm) infestation

round, pin, hook, and tapeworms take resident in gastrointestinal tract. all are classified as helmithes, and act as parasites.

diarrhea

the rapid passage of stool, with noticable change in the frequency, fluid content, appearence, and consistency.

vomiting

ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.

anemia

decrease in red blood cell count, or RBC's ability to carry oxygen. anemia can lead to hypoxia.

leukemia

cancer of blood-forming tissues (bone marrow). most wcommon childhood malignancy, charectierzed by abnormal increase in the number of immature WBCs.

erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)

incompatibility of fetal and maternal blood, causes excessive rates of RBC destruction.

Lead poisoning

environmentally caused blood toxicity resulting from ingestion of lead dust

reye syndrome

combination of brain disease, and fatty invasion of the inner organs, expecially the liver.

stages

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

describes birth defects and other associated problems in infants born to other alcoholic mothers, who consume alcohol during the gestational period.

Diaper rash

considered a contact dermatitis, evident in the diaper area as an irritation or rash.

neuroblastoma

cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, the third most common childhood malignancy. arises from primitive sympathetic ganglion cells.