Membrane lipid bilayers consist primarily of ____. a. phospholipids b. cholesterol c. proteins d. saturated fatty acid

In which organ are enzymes produced that are responsible for digestion of 50 percent of carbohydrate and protein and 90 percent of fat?
a. liver
b. esophagus
c. pancreas
d. gallbladder

C. pancreas

Anabolic metabolism refers to pathways that build larger, more complex compounds.
a. True
b. False

A. true

What is nutrigenomics and how does it regulate protein function?

Nutrigenomics explores how nutrients and diet components influence gene expression, impacting overall health based on dietary choices.

What is nutritional epigenetics and how does it regulate protein function?

Nutritional epigenetics involves the switching on or off of genes without altering the DNA sequence. It shows how dietary choices can affect gene expression and disease development.

Proteins embedded in the cellular membrane and function as transporters, channels, etc. are called ____.
a. peripheral proteins
b. rough endoplasmic reticula
c. integral proteins
d. Golgi apparatuses

2. C. integral proteins

Which are highly specialized membrane proteins that modify the cell's response to its environment?
a. transport proteins
b. hormones
c. antibodies
d. enzymes

d. enzymes

the organelle responsible for production of most of the metabolic energy (ATP) is the ____.
a. Golgi apparatus
b. endoplasmic reticulum
c. nucleus
d. mitochondrion

d. mitochondrion

DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around ____.
a. proteins called histones
b. the nucleolus
c. the nuclear envelope
d. ribosomal RNA

A. proteins called histones

Transcription-level control mechanisms ____.
a. determine the path by which mRNA can be translated into a polypeptide
b. determine whether a particular mRNA is actually translated
c. determine if a particular gene can be transcribed
d. are driven by the interaction of tRNA and mRNA

C. determine if a particular gene can be transcribed

All the chemical and physical processes involved in maintaining life are referred to as ________.
a. anabolism
b. catabolism
c. homeostasis
d. metabolism

d. metabolism

Oxidation-reduction reactions in the body are controlled by ________.
a. enzymes
b. fluid balance
c. protein consumption
d. light and dark cycles

A. enzymes

What is the name of the digestive enzyme in saliva that digests starch?a. lipase
b. synthetase
c. amylase
d. lactase

C. amylase

Human digestion of food begins in the ________, where the enzyme ________ breaks down a small amount of starch.
a. mouth; amylase
b. stomach; pepsin
c. small intestine; amylase
d. small intestine; lipase

A. mouth; amylase

Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the ________.
a. liver and small intestine
b. liver and gallbladder
c. pancreas and kidneys
d. pancreas and small intestine

d. pancreas and small intestine

The hormone gastrin is made in the ________ and controls the release of ________.
a. mouth; saliva
b. stomach; HCl
c. small intestine; CCK
d. pancreas; insulin

B. stomach; HCI

Actions of HCl produced by the stomach include ________.
a. promoting digestion of protein
b. destroying bacteria and viruses found in foods
c. dissolving dietary minerals for improved absorption
d. All of the responses are correct

D. all responses are correct

The product(s) of pepsin's action is/are ____.
a. disaccharides
b. amylose
c. short-chain fatty acids
d. hydrolyzed proteins

D. hydrolyzed proteins

Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of ________.
a. carbohydrates
b. proteins
c. fats
d. vitamins

C. fats

Bile is formed in the ________ and stored in the ________.
a. stomach; pancreas
b. small intestine; kidney
c. liver; gallbladder
d. gallbladder; liver

C. liver; gallbladder

The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is ____.
a. gastrin
b. secretin
c. cholecystokinin
d. GIP

C. cholecystokinin

In general, in which portion of the gastrointestinal tract does most absorption occur?
a. esophagus
b. stomach
c. small intestine
d. colon

C. small intestine

The villi found in the gastrointestinal tract ________.
a. are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine
b. produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption
c. contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes
d. All of these choices are correct.

D. all of these choices are correct

When discussing enzyme kinetics, K m refers to the substrate concentration at which the enzyme is saturated and functioning at maximal velocity.
a. True
b. False

B. false

All enzymes in a given pathway are bidirectional, thereby allowing the pathway to work in both directions (i.e., directional shifts).
a. True
b. False

B. false

Catabolic metabolism refers to pathways that break down compounds to smaller, simpler units.
a. True
b. False

A. true

CCK stimulates pancreatic enzyme release.
a. True
b. False

A. true

CCK stimulates the release of bile.
a. True
b. False

A. true

Villi increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine.
a. True
b. False

A. true

What is nutrigenetics and how does it regulate protein function?

Nutrigenetics is the study of how genes affect nutrient requirements and susceptibility to diseases. It determines what nutrients the body needs more of.