Human Development Lifespan- Chapter 6-9 (Younkin)

Concrete Operational Stage (6)

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Able to reverse thinking.

Mental operations

Formal Operational (6)

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Deductive Reasoning

Mental operations (6)

cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas

(concrete operational)

deductive reason (6)

drawing conclusions from facts (formal operational)

Shortcomings of Piaget's view (6)

-Overestimates competence of adolescents

-Variability among children

Information processing theory (6)

a perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output

Working memory (6)

temporary storage; used to perform tasks; limited capacity

long-term memory (6)

storehouse for memory that is permanent unlimited capacity; information stored and retrieved

memory strategies (6)

organization and elaboration

organization (6)

as applied to children's memory, a strategy in which information to be remembered is structured so that related information is placed together

elaboration (6)

memory strategy in which information is embellished to make it more memorable

metacognition (6)

awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes; improves with age

metamemory (6)

person's informal understanding of memory; includes the ability to diagnose memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory strategies (Metacognition)

metacognitive knowledge (6)

a person's knowledge and awareness of cognitive processes; grows rapidly through elementary; connection of goals, strategies, monitoring, and outcomes (metacognition)

cognitive self regulation (6)

skill at identifying goals, selecting effective strategies, and accurate monitoring; a characteristic of successful students (metacognition)

Gardner's Theory of Intelligence (6)

9 distinct types of intelligence

emotional intelligence (6)

ability to use one's own and others' emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily

Binet & Simon (6)

Developed the Binet-Simon intelligence test; introduced the concept of mental age

Lewis Terman (IQ scoring) (6)

=100 average

>100 above average

<100 below average

Do IQ tests work? (6)

good predictor of school success, occupational success, performance in jobs

Features of ADHD (6)

hyperactivity

energetic

fidgety

inattentive

impulsive

Systems approach of parenting (7)

According to the systems approach, the family consists of interacting elements; that is, parents and children influence each other.

purpose: economic and emotional supports

2 Dimensions of Parenting (7)

1. Warm and responsive vs. Hostile and uninvolved

2. Extreme control vs. No control

Reinforcement (7)

A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior.

punishment (7)

application of an aversive stimulus or removal of an attractive stimulus

When is punishment most effective? (7)

Right after the behavior occurs, consistency, explanation for punishment, warm relationship with punisher

negative reinforcement trap (and when does it occur) (7)

unwittingly reinforcing behavior you want to discourage

- occurs when a parent makes a request to their child and instead of following, the child negotiates or pleads

Parenting styles (7)

1. Authoritarian

2. Authoritative

3. Permissive

4. Uninvolved

Authoritarian parenting (7)

high control; little warmth

Authoritative parenting (7)

healthy control; warm and responsive

permissive parenting (7)

warm and caring; little parental control

uninvolved parenting (7)

not warm or controlling

Divorce effects on children (7)

...

Aspects of childhood friendship (7)

-more complex as older

-social and emotional support

-alike in age and gender

- usually same sex

Physical changes in adolescence (8)

1. head, hands, feet

2. bones longer and denser

3. muscles thicker and denser

4. body fait increase

5. heart and lung capacity increase

puberty (8)

collection of physical changes that marks the onset of adolescence, including a growth spurt and the growth of breasts or testes

primary sex characteristics (8)

physical signs of maturity that are directly linked to the reproductive organs

(female- ovaries, uterus, vagina; male- scrotum, testes, penis)

secondary sex characteristics (8)

physical signs of maturity not directly linked to reproductive organs

(female- breasts, widening of pelvis; male- facial hair, broadening of shoulders; both- body hair, voice and skin changes)

menarche (8)

onset of menstruation

spermarche (8)

first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm

How do the physical changes of puberty affect psychological development? (8)

1. body image

2. response of menarche and spermarche

Kohlberg's Theory (8)

Level 1- preconventional; punishment and reward

- stage 1- obedience to authority

-stage 2- nice behavior in exchange for future favors

Level 2- conventional; social norms

-stage 3- live up to others' expectations

-stage 4- follow rules to maintain social order

Level 3- postconventional; moral codes

-stage 5- adhere to a social contract when valid

-stage 6- personal moral system based on abstract principles

adolescent egocentrism

self-absorption that is characteristic of teenagers as they search for identity

imaginary audience

adolescents' feeling that their behavior is constantly being watched by their peers

personal fable

attitude of many adolescents that their feelings and experiences are unique and have never been experienced by anyone else

illusion of invulnerability

adolescents think misfortune only happens to others.

3 phases of ethnic identity

1. have not examined ethnic roots

2. explore personal impact of heritage

3. distinct ethnic self-concept

Changes in self-esteem in adolescence

increases when adjusted to school

accumulate success and failure in school and define ability