AP African American Studies

Griots

Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.

Queen Idia

The Queen Mother of Benin who advised her son and fought along side him. She was known as a great healer (associated with magic), and is an example of the powerful role many queens and queen mothers played in West African society.

Queen Njinga

She was the Queen of Ndongo in the early 1600s, common day Angola. Because Ndongo was known as a weaker empire compared to Kongo, Poruguese colonists and merchants tried to over throw power there. When they failed, they tried to execute the queen, failing at this too. The people of Ndongo resisted Portuguese' power and cruel ways for a while. However, when the Queen needed guns for protection from other African tribes, she got caught up in the slave trade herself, selling slaves to Europeans for power, wealth, and guns.

Juan Valiente

Spanish black conquistador who participated in the expeditions of Pedro de Almagro in present-day Guatemala and Chile.

Ladinos

Central Americans of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Atlantic Creoles

a term used in North America to describe the Charter Generation of slaves during the European colonization of the Americas before 1660. These slaves had cultural roots in Africa, Europe and sometimes the Caribbean.

Juan Garrido

First known African in North America, 1513.

Estevancio

From Morocco, first known black man to enter Texas. Became highly regarded as a shaman with De Vaca.

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

Bayano

led a maroon community in wars against the Spanish for several years in Panama in the 16th century

Queen Nanny

18th century leader of the Jamaican Maroons (formally enslaved Africans). The Maroons fought a guerrilla war against the British in Jamaica. Defeated the British and signed a treaty giving the Maroons autonomy.

Blacks in the American Revolution

5,000 served, some enslaved gained freedom, George Washington banned enlistment of blacks in 1775, years later changed his mind, because of the Revolution, free black population increased.

David Ruggles

an anti-slavery activist who was active in the New York Committee of Vigilance and the Underground Railroad. He claimed to have led over six hundred people, including friend and fellow abolitionist Frederick Douglass, to freedom in the North.

Prince Hall

Minister who fought in the Continental Army and became an early leader in the struggle to end slavery in the United States

Richard Allen

An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church

John Russworm

an African American who was an editor of Freedom's journal, the first African American newspaper

Frederick Douglas

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of , and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784)

Olaudah Equiano

An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.

Paul Cuffee

A former slave who bought himself and became wealthy through the shipping industry; he has an epiphany that he must free his people, so uses his wealth and boats to buy up slaves and send them back to Africa. His idea helps form the American Colonization Society.

Anti Emigrationists

Opponents of relocating African Americans from the U.S.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Denmark Vesey

United States freed slave and insurrectionist in South Carolina who was involved in planning an uprising of slaves and was hanged (1767-1822)

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator.

Henry Highland Garnet

An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. (p. 215)

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Harriet Tubman

United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)

Blacks in the Civil War

After the issue of the Emancipation Proclamation, Blacks were invited to join the Union army. Over 185,000 blacks enlisted.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Knights of the White Camellia

a secret organization that operated in Louisiana during military Reconstruction and that used threats and physical violence to keep the freedmen from voting or to force them to vote for Democratic candidates

White Shirts

white supremacist groups and organizations that emerged in the United States, particularly during the mid to late 20th century.

Red Shirts

white supremacist paramilitary groups active in the Southern United States. These groups, used their distinctive shirts to intimidate and terrorize both white and black Southern Republicans. They were a significant force in opposing Reconstruction efforts and suppressing the rights of African Americans.

WEB DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Ida B Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Madame CJ Walker

American entrepreneur who developed hair products especially for black women and built the most successful company owned by an African American at that time.

James Van Der Zee

The most accomplished, comprehensive black photograph in history. His style was stark realism and dreamy romanticism. Know for photographs of Harlem, NY.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Alain Locke

Leader of the "New Negro" movement and editor of The New Negro—an anthology of writings by African Americans, Art could portray all themes

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the cotton club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz.

Ma Rainy

Classic blues singer who was the first artist to perform the blues on the vaudeville stage in 1904. Known as the Mother of Blues.

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Reniassance.

Oscar Micheaux

an African-American filmmaker who produced "race movies", showing all African-American casts in a variety of roles

A. Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. He helped encourage the end of segregation in the military, although that happened after the war.

Carter G. Woodson

This former col mine worker born to former slaves got a degree from Harvard and started "Black History Month"

Afro-Caribbeans

50,000 people arrived from the Caribbean's and moved to New York; WW1 directed black Caribbean's to move to the united states for job opportunities. Caribbean immigrants tended to be Catholic or Episcopalian.

Aimé Césaire

Senegalese poet and activist. He coined the term "Negritude", an influential idea rejecting Western sterotypes of Africans and insisting on African self-identification

Blacks in WWII

• 1 million young men left to serve in the armed forces.

• All still faced discrimination and segregation.

• Race riots in NYC and Detroit.

• VV- one for victory over fascism abroad and one for equality at home.

• When they threatened a march on D.C., Roosevelt issued Executive Order #8802 to prevent them from being discriminated in war industry.

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school.

Little Rock Nine

These students were chosen to go to an all white Central High School. The National Guard was ordered by the governor to prevent their admission. This pushed Eisenhower to order the US Army to protect and escort the students for the full year.

Ruby Bridges

The first African-American girl to go to a white school; she had to have a police escort to get to and from school in New Orleans during integration

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Bayard Rustin

One of Martin Luther King's aids though most of his involvement in the movement was kept secret because of his morals arrest and supposed homosexuality. He was very involved in the planning of the March on Washington (1963) introduced King to the ideas of Ghandi.

Elijah Muhammad

Leader of the nation of Islam from 1945 to his death in 1975. He helped many people and was a strong advocate of civil rights, but was involved in some shady activities and lost the favor of Malcolm X, who went on to form his own civil rights group.

Malcom X

African-American civil rights leader who encouraged violent responses to racial discrimination

Bobby Seale

African-American political activist, founder, along with Huey Newton, and national chairman of the Black Panther Party. Seale was one of a generation of young African-American radicals who broke away from the traditionally nonviolent Civil Rights Movement to preach a doctrine of militant black empowerment

Huey Newton

An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.

Ella Baker

55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee)

Fannie Lou Hamer

spokesperson for the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at the 1964 Democratic Convention

Gloria Richardson

the leader of the Cambridge Movement, a civil rights struggle in Cambridge, Maryland in the early 1960s.

Kathleen Cleaver

Coined the term "Black is Beautiful", New York office of the SNCC. Member of Black Panther Party (Press secretary and Party spokesperson), Wrote Women, Power, and Revolution where she held the view that the focus should be on societies' disenfranchisement of black people and black women and not sexist issues within the party. Lived overseas in exile after being accused of attempted murder of two police officers in a shootout.

Maya Angelou

wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; African-American autobiographer and poet

Gwedolyn Brooks

American poet, author, and teacher. Her work often dealt with the personal celebrations and struggles of ordinary people in her community. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry on May 1, 1950, for Annie Allen, making her the first African American to receive a Pulitzer Prize.

Shirley Chisholm

1st African American woman elected to Congress (NY) and later made a bid for the Democratic nomination in the 1972 presidential campaign

Colin Powell

United States general who was the first Black to serve as Chief of Staff

Condoleezza Rice

First woman appointed as national security advisor, by President George W. Bush, in 2001.

Bo Diddley

Ellas Otha Bates, known professionally as __ _ was an American guitarist and singer who played a key role in the transition from the blues to rock and roll. He influenced many artists, including Buddy Holly, the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Animals, George Thorogood, Syd Barrett, and the Clash

Little Richard

An African American rock-n-roll singer and recorded hit songs in the 50's including Tutti Fruiti

Grandmaster Flash

Joseph Robert Saddler, known by his stage name __ _____, is a Barbadian-American musician and DJ. He created a DJ technique called the Quick Mix Theory. This technique serviced the break-dancer and the rapper by elongating the drum breaks through the use of duplicate copies of vinyl.

Jean-Michel Basquiat

an artist born in NY, of a Haitian + Puerto Rican descended, who started as a graffiti artist

Oliver Lewis

jockey that rode aristides to win the first ever Kentucy Derby

Muhammad Ali

He was an American professional boxer and social activist. A global cultural icon, widely known by the epithet "The Greatest", he is frequently cited as the greatest heavyweight boxer of all time. He gave up his heavyweight champion of the world title in order to protest mandatory drafting in WWII.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Tommie Smith

Olympic gold medalist in the 1968 Olympics who gave the Black Power salute on the medal stand.

John Carlos

Bronze medal winner, did black power salute with Gold winner in the 1968 Olympics.

Colin Kapernick

NFL player for the 49er's gained national attention after he began kneeling during the national anthem to protest violence against African Americans.

Mae Jemison

1st African American female astronaut

5th black astronaut

Africas Climate Zones

Africa has four distinct climate zones: tropical, dry, midlatitude, high latitude.

Ancient Egypt

a major civilization that flourished in northeastern Africa for over 3,000 years, roughly from 3100 BC to 30 BC. It's known for its remarkable achievements in architecture, including the pyramids, and for its complex political, social, and religious structures, all shaped by the Nile River.

Nubia (Kush)

an ancient civilization and kingdom located in northern Africa, primarily in what is now Sudan. It was a major power along the Nile River, often vying for control with, and at times ruling, ancient Egypt. The Kingdom, centered in Nubia, flourished for centuries, developing its own unique culture, religion, and even its own writing system, Meroitic.

Aksum

A kingdom along the Red Sea today known as Ethiopia and Eritrea which grew wealthy from trade

Nok

ancient African civilization that flourished in what is now northern Nigeria, from around 500 BCE to 200 AD. They were known for their impressive terracotta sculptures, some of which are among the oldest examples of sculpture in sub-Saharan Africa.

Kingdom of Ghana

was a powerful West African empire that existed from the 8th to the 13th century. It gained immense wealth and influence through its control of the trans-Saharan gold-salt trade.

Kingdom of Mali

a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, it became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.

Kingdom of Songhai

Replaced the Kingdom of Mali; known to be the largest empire in African history. Located near the Niger River Valley.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Swahili Coast

Major sea ports used for trade from 500 CE - 1500 CE. Due to lots of trade, the cities prospered from profits. Located in Eastern Africa, it participated in Indian Ocean Trade.

Kingdom of Kongo

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Kingdom of Benin

Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river, conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders

Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

gold-salt trade; linked North and West Africa; across Sahara Desert; spread Islam; land trade