Whap TPQ 12/9

Abolitionism

Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and slavery. Banned by Denmark (1803), Great Britain (1807), and the U.S. (1808). Brazil abolished slavery in 1888

Anti-Semitism

Hostility toward Jews, highlighted by events like the Dreyfus Affair, which exposed systemic prejudice in France

Capitalism

Economic system where production is privately owned and operated for profit. Promoted by Adam Smith in Wealth of Nations

Classical Liberalism

Advocates natural rights, constitutional government, and minimal government intervention in economics. Popular during the Enlightenment

Conservatism

Belief in preserving traditional institutions and values. Opposes revolutionary change, emphasizing stability and experience

Deism

Belief in a non-intervening creator. Popular among Enlightenment thinkers, it emphasized reason and natural laws over religious doctrines

Dreyfus Affair

A scandal in 1894 where French Jewish military officer Alfred Dreyfus was falsely convicted of treason, exposing widespread anti-Semitism

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from experience and observation, championed by Francis Bacon during the Enlightenment

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and progress. It inspired revolutions in the U.S., France, and beyond

Feminism

Movement for women's rights based on equality and education. Key figures include Mary Wollstonecraft and the activists of Seneca Falls (1848)

Fabian Society

A British socialist group advocating gradual reforms through legislation rather than revolution, influencing 20th-century Western politics

Laissez-faire

Economic principle advocating minimal government interference, believing the "invisible hand" of the market would lead to societal benefit

Liberalism

Political ideology advocating liberty, equality, and individual rights. Focused on limiting government power and ensuring freedoms

Nationalism

Intense loyalty to one’s culture and nation. Played a key role in the unification of Italy, Germany, and revolutions in Europe and Latin America

Philosophes

Enlightenment thinkers such as Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Rousseau who promoted ideas of liberty, justice, and reason

Social Contract

Theory that people consent to government authority in exchange for protection and order. Developed by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau

Socialism

Economic system advocating public ownership of production. Utopian socialists like Fourier and Owen emphasized cooperative living

Tabula Rasa

John Locke’s idea that humans are born as a “blank slate,” shaped by experiences and education rather than innate qualities

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith’s 1776 work arguing for free-market capitalism and opposing mercantilism. Introduced concepts like the "invisible hand"

Utopian Socialism

Belief in creating ideal societies through cooperative efforts. Advocated by thinkers like Charles Fourier and Robert Owen

Zionism

Movement to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, driven by centuries of anti-Semitism and led by Theodor Herzl in the late 19th century

Bastille

A French prison stormed on July 14, 1789, symbolizing the abuses of the monarchy and sparking the French Revolution

Declaration of Independence

Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, asserting U.S. independence based on Enlightenment ideas of unalienable rights

Declaration of Rights of Man

French Revolution document (1789) declaring liberty, equality, and fraternity while abolishing feudal privileges

Haitian Revolution

A successful slave uprising led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, resulting in Haiti's independence in 1804, the first black-led republic

Liberté, égalité, fraternité

The slogan of the French Revolution, emphasizing liberty, equality, and brotherhood1

Maroons

Escaped slaves in the Caribbean who formed independent communities and played roles in uprisings like the Haitian Revolution

Mestizos

People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in Latin America, often seeking greater political rights during revolutions

Mulattoes

People of mixed African and European ancestry in Latin America, often facing social and legal discrimination

Peninsulares

Colonists born in Spain or Portugal who held the highest social and political positions in Latin America

Reign of Terror

Period during the French Revolution (1793–1794) when thousands, including Louis XVI, were executed under Robespierre's rule

Propaganda Movement

A late 19th-century Filipino reform movement advocating for autonomy through writings, led by José Rizal

Ottomanism

19th-century movement to unify the diverse Ottoman Empire by minimizing ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences

Realpolitik

Politics based on practical objectives rather than ideals, exemplified by Otto von Bismarck’s German unification strategies

Risorgimento

The 19th-century Italian unification movement, led by figures like Cavour, Mazzini, and Garibaldi

Agricultural Revolution

18th-century improvements like crop rotation and the seed drill increased food production, supporting population growth

Assembly Line

An industrial method pioneered by Henry Ford where workers perform specialized tasks to mass-produce goods efficiently

Bessemer Process

19th-century innovation to produce steel efficiently, revolutionizing industries like construction and shipbuilding

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including professionals and business owners, who played a key role in Enlightenment reforms and revolutions

Bushido

The traditional samurai code of honor and discipline in Japan, which declined during the Meiji Restoration

Capital

Wealth available for investment in industries, driving innovations and expansions during industrialization

Charter Oath

1868 Japanese reform document that outlined modernization goals during the Meiji Restoration

Coaling Stations

Refueling points for steamships, vital for expanding trade and military influence during industrialization

Communism

Economic system proposed by Karl Marx advocating for a classless society and public ownership of production

Communist Manifesto

1848 pamphlet by Marx and Engels criticizing capitalism and calling for proletarian revolution

Consumerism

A culture of purchasing goods and services, which expanded significantly during industrialization

Corporations

Business entities owned by shareholders that limited individual liability, aiding industrial expansion

Cottage System

Pre-industrial method where raw materials were processed in homes; replaced by factory systems during industrialization

Crop Rotation

Agricultural method of rotating crops annually to maintain soil fertility, improving yields during the Agricultural Revolution

Division of Labor

System where workers specialize in tasks, increasing efficiency in factories during industrialization

Enclosure Movement

British policy of fencing off common lands for private use, displacing small farmers and fueling urban migration

Factory System

A production method where workers and machines were centralized in factories, boosting output during industrialization

Genros

Japanese elder statesmen who influenced Meiji Restoration policies and modernization

Hatt-i Humayun

1856 Ottoman reform edict granting equality to all citizens, including non-Muslims, as part of the Tanzimat reforms

Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)

Founded in 1865 to support British trade in Asia, HSBC facilitated global finance during industrialization

Human Capital

Workforce skills and knowledge essential for economic growth, especially significant in U.S. industrialization

Hundred Days of Reform

1898 Qing Dynasty modernization program in China, focusing on education, military, and government reform

Industrialization

The transition to mechanized production, marked by innovations like the steam engine and factory systems

Interchangeable Parts

Eli Whitney's system where identical components could replace broken parts, revolutionizing manufacturing

Labor Unions

Worker organizations advocating for better wages, hours, and conditions during the Industrial Revolution

Mamluks

Military class in Egypt that resisted modernization and were defeated by Muhammad Ali in the early 19th century

Mass Production

Efficient manufacturing of large quantities of goods using assembly lines and specialized labor

Means of Production

Resources and facilities like land, labor, and machinery used to produce goods in an economy

Meiji Restoration

Period of Japanese modernization beginning in 1868, with industrial, military, and political reforms

Millets

Semi-autonomous religious communities in the Ottoman Empire, granted limited self-governance

Monopoly

Control of an entire industry or market by a single entity, limiting competition

Proletariat

Working-class individuals who sold labor in exchange for wages, central to Marxist theory

Second Industrial Revolution

Late 19th-century phase of industrialization, marked by advancements in steel, chemicals, electricity, and machinery

Self-Strengthening Movement

19th-century Chinese reform effort to modernize military and industry while maintaining Confucian traditions

Slums

Overcrowded urban areas with poor living conditions, which grew rapidly during industrialization

Specialization of Labor

Division of work into specific tasks, increasing efficiency and productivity in industrial economies

Steam Engine

Invented by James Watt, it powered industrial machinery and revolutionized transportation

Stockholders

Owners of shares in a corporation, who benefited from industrial expansion without direct liability

Tanzimat

Ottoman reforms (1839–1876) aimed at centralizing authority and modernizing the empire

Tenement

Multi-family urban housing, often overcrowded and unsanitary, built during industrial urbanization

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the U.S. coasts, completed in 1869, facilitating trade, migration, and industrial growth

Transnational Companies

Corporations operating in multiple countries, such as Unilever and HSBC, during global industrialization

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Russian railway linking Moscow to the Pacific Ocean, aiding trade and industrial development

Unilever Corporation

A multinational company established in the 19th century, producing consumer goods like soap and margarine

Urbanization

Mass migration to cities, driven by industrialization and job opportunities, leading to rapid city growth

Utilitarianism

Philosophy by Jeremy Bentham promoting actions that ensure the greatest good for the greatest number

Working Class

Industrial laborers who performed manual work for wages, forming unions to fight for better conditions

Zaibatsu

Powerful Japanese industrial conglomerates that emerged during the Meiji era to modernize the economy

White-collar

Professional workers who performed administrative or managerial tasks, often benefiting from industrial expansion

Charles Fourier

Utopian socialist who envisioned harmonious communities based on cooperation and workers’ passions

Theodor Herzl

Leader of the Zionist movement, advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine to escape anti-Semitism

John Locke

Philosopher who proposed natural rights (life, liberty, property) and the concept of tabula rasa

Henri de Saint-Simon

French utopian socialist who advocated for collaboration between scientists, engineers, and business leaders

Baron Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who promoted the separation of powers, influencing modern democratic governments

Robert Owen

Utopian socialist who created model communities focused on education, labor reform, and cooperative living

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Philosopher who expanded on the social contract, emphasizing the general will and collective good

Adam Smith

Economist who supported free markets and limited government intervention in The Wealth of Nations

Voltaire

Enlightenment writer known for his advocacy of civil liberties, religious tolerance, and judicial reform

Simon Bolivar

Revolutionary leader who liberated Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Advocated for Enlightenment ideals and free markets

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution who abolished slavery and established an independent black-led government

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian statesman who unified Germany using realpolitik and strategic wars like the Franco-Prussian War

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and military leader whose Red Shirts helped unify southern Italy during the Risorgimento

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist who advocated for unification through revolutionary ideals during the Risorgimento

Richard Arkwright

Inventor of the water frame and father of the factory system, which revolutionized textile production

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone, which transformed global communication in the 19th century