Y10 - English Language - CAT 1

Mode

The form of communication used to convey a message, such as spoken, written, or signed language.

Audience

The intended recipient or group of recipients of a text, influencing language choices.

Context

The social, situational, and cultural environment in which communication occurs, influencing meaning and language choices.

Mode

The form of communication used to convey a message, such as spoken, written, or signed language.

Audience

The intended recipient or group of recipients of a text, influencing language choices.

Context

The social, situational, and cultural environment in which communication occurs, influencing meaning and language choices.

Register

The level of formality or informality of language used depending on context, audience, and purpose.

Text type

A category of text defined by its purpose and structural features.

Narrative text type

A text that tells a story involving characters, events, and a sequence of actions.

Informative text type

A text that provides factual information or explains a topic.

Persuasive text type

A text that aims to influence the audience's opinions, beliefs, or actions.

Referential function

Language used to convey factual information about reality.

Conative function

Language used to influence or direct the behaviour of the audience.

Phatic function

Language used to establish or maintain social relationships.

Emotive function

Language used to express feelings or emotions.

Metalinguistic function

Language used to talk about language itself.

Poetic function

Language used to focus on aesthetic, creative, or stylistic qualities.

Subsystem

A component of language that focuses on a specific aspect of language structure or meaning.

Phonology

The study of the sound system of a language, including phonemes and pronunciation patterns.

Lexicology

The study of words, vocabulary, and lexemes.

Morphology

The study of the internal structure and formation of words using morphemes.

Syntax

The study of how words are arranged to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Semantics

The study of meaning in language.

Discourse

The study of language beyond the sentence level, including how texts and conversations are structured.

Pragmatics

The study of how context influences meaning.

Lexeme

The base unit of meaning in a language that includes all its word forms.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a word.

Concrete noun

A noun referring to something physically observable.

Abstract noun

A noun referring to an idea, concept, or quality.

Count noun

A noun that can be counted and has singular and plural forms.

Non-count noun

A noun that cannot be counted individually.

Collective noun

A noun referring to a group treated as a single unit.

Qualitative adjective

Describes qualities or characteristics of a noun.

Quantitative adjective

Indicates quantity.

Demonstrative adjective

Identifies specific nouns (this, that, these, those).

Possessive adjective

Shows ownership of a noun (my, your, his, her, their).

Interrogative adjective

Used to ask questions about nouns (which, what, whose).

Proper adjective

An adjective derived from a proper noun.

Adverb of time

Indicates when something happens.

Adverb of frequency

Indicates how often something happens.

Adverb of manner

Indicates how something happens.

Adverb of place

Indicates where something happens.

Adverb of degree

Indicates intensity or extent.

Main verb (lexical verb)

The verb that carries the main meaning in a sentence.

Auxiliary verb

A verb that helps the main verb express tense, mood, or voice.

Determiner

A word placed before a noun to specify reference.

Definite article

Refers to a specific noun (the).

Indefinite article

Refers to a general noun (a, an).

Personal pronoun

Refers to specific people or things

Possessive pronoun

Shows ownership

Relative pronoun

Introduces a relative clause (who, which, that).

Demonstrative pronoun

Refers to specific things (this, that, these, those).

Interjection

A word that expresses sudden emotion.

Coordinating conjunction

Connects elements of equal grammatical value (and, but, or).

Subordinating conjunction

Connects a dependent clause to an independent clause (because, although, if).

Phrase

A group of words that does not contain both a subject and a predicate

Clause

A group of words containing a subject and a predicate

Sentence

A complete unit of meaning containing at least one independent clause.

Types of sentences

Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamative

Simple sentence

Contains one independent clause.

Compound sentence

Contains two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.

Complex sentence

Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Compound-complex sentence

Contains multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Formality Features

Slang, contractions, colloquial language, standard grammar, technical vocabulary