Chapter 22: Endocrine System

What are the main differences between the endocrine and nervous systems?

There are endocrine glands in the skin, T/F?

What are the target cells for hormones?

Endocrine: slower in causing effects but they last longer, messenger is hormones

Nervous: faster in causing effects but they’re short lived, messenger is neurotransmitters

True

Muscles, glands, AND tissues

What is the name of the structure that connects the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus?

Describe the flow of the hypothalmohypophyseal tract

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete? (6) And connect the cell type with each hormone AND targets

What is the vein on the anterior pituitary gland?

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Infundibular stalk

Cell bodies of neurosecretory cells (hypothalamus) > infundibular stalk (axons from the neurosecretory cells run through) > axon terminals end in the posterior pituitary

1. Growth hormone (somatotrophic cell); liver, muscle, cartilage, bone

2. Thyroid stim. hormone (thyrotrophic cell); thyroid, to stimulate creation of T3 and T4

3. Follicle stim. hormone and luteinizing hormone (gonadotrophic cell); gonads

4. Prolactin (prolactin cell); breasts

5. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotrophic cell); suprarenal cortex

Anterior hypophyseal vein (site of secretion, hormones go to bloodstream fast)

1. Oxytocin (milk output, feel good); uterus, breasts

2. Antidiuretic hormone (vasoconstriction); kidneys, sweat galnds, arterioles

Melatonin

What are some GH disorders and what are the causes and when do they occur in life usually?

Pituitary dwarfism: not enough GH, from childhood

Giantism: too much GH from ant. pit. (tumor), childhood

Acromegaly: too much GH (tumor), adult

The right and left lobes of the thymus are connected by the (…)

T thyrocytes (follicular cells) produce what two hormones and what are their functions?

C thyrocytes (parafollicular cells) create calcitonin, what does it do?

What is goiter?

What is parathyroid hormone and what does it do?

What is hypoparathyroidism and hyperparathyroidism and its effects?

Isthmus

T3 (active) and T4 (stable), regulate O2 and BMR, cellular metabolism, growth and development

Regulates calcium homeostasis (lowers level of Ca2+ in blood, antagonist to ADH)

Not having enough iodine in diet » thymus enlarges, overcompensates (still tries to create enough T3/T4 even though there isn’t enough iodine)

It is released when there is low Ca2+ levels in blood; goes to skeletal system to stimulate osteoclasts to breakdown bone (bone resorption) and send Ca2+ into blood

Hypo: uncommon, body makes low PTH » abnormal regulation/balance of Ca2+ and K

Hyper: too much activity of parathyroid » breaks down bone quicker than needed

Name the hormones secreted by the different levels of the suprarenal cortex

Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone, reg. Na+ which affects water retention)

Zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids (cortisol, to jumpstart metabolsim)

Zona reticularis (medulla): androgens (Estrogen + Test.)

Adrenal medulla: CHROMAFFIN CELLS, E + NE (goes straight into the blood)

What are the four types of cells in the Pancreatic islets and what do they produce?

What are the two types of diabetes?

Alpha cells = Glucagon, tells liver to break down glycogen > to release glucose into blood to increase blood sugar

Beta cells = Insulin, tells cells (NOT LIVER) to uptake glucose in response to too high blood sugar

Delta cells: somatostatin

Pancratic polypeptide cells: pancreatic peptide

Type 1: insulin dependent, pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin/or too little/or the right type of insulin; pancreas issue, seen in children, teens, YA

Type 2: non-insulin dependent (INSULIN RESISTANCE), cells do NOT respond to insulin, and the pancreas overcompensated, can’t keep up over time, the pancreas then stops making insulin; pancreas and cellular issue, individuals over 45

What are the general male and female dominating hormones?

What are the main hormones of the GI tract?

What does renin do?

Female: estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin

Male: Testosterone, inhibin

Gastrin: stim. secretion of gastric juice in response to food (tells parietal cells to make HCl)

GIP: inhibiting hormone

Secretin: reg. water homeostasis, influences the duodenum environment by reg. secretion in stomach, pancreas, and liver

Cholecystokinin: secreted by duodenal cells stimulates release of bile into intestine and secreation of enzymes by pancreas

Raises blood pressure > vasoconstriction + secretion of aldosterone