Honors Chemistry – Semester 1 Final Review

These flashcards cover essential concepts in matter, atomic structure, periodic trends, bonding, reactions, and stoichiometry from the lecture notes.

What is matter?

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Examples include water and air, while light is not matter.

What are the seven diatomic elements?

The seven diatomic elements are H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, and I₂.

What is the structure of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of particle arrangement?

Solids have closely packed particles and little motion; liquids have spaced particles that can move past each other; gases have widely spaced particles that move freely.

How can you identify an element with 53 protons and 49 neutrons?

The element is Iodine (I), and its atomic mass is 102.

What are the four major periodic trends?

Ionization energy, electronegativity, atomic radius, and electron affinity.

Which group on the periodic table has 3 valence electrons?

Group 13; elements include aluminum (Al) and gallium (Ga).

Why does atomic radius decrease across a period?

Atomic radius decreases across a period due to increased nuclear charge, attracting electrons closer to the nucleus.

What happens to electrons that allows us to observe an atomic emission spectrum?

Electrons return to lower energy levels after being excited, emitting light at specific wavelengths.

What is a catalyst?

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

What is a limiting reagent?

The limiting reagent is the reactant that is completely consumed first, limiting the amount of product formed.

What is the law of conservation of mass?

The law states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.