A&P: Organic Compounds

carbohydrates

“hydrated carbon” function: fuel for the cell, structure support and identity

monosaccharide

one sugar (ex. glucose, galactose, fructose) (carbs monomer)

disaccharides

two sugars (ex. sucrose, lactose)

polysaccharide

many sugars (ex. glycogen, amylose, cellulose)

lipids

hydrophobic compound that insulates, stores energy and form plasma membranes

fatty acid

linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an organic acid group at one end

saturated fat

a fatty acid with only single carbon-to-carbon bonds

unsaturated fat

a fatty acid with one or more double bonds between its carbon atoms

triglyceride

made of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids for storage in fat cells and energy

phospholipid

an amphipathic lipid with a hydrophilic head and hydrophilic tails. make up plasma membrane in cells. phosphate, glycerol, 2 fatty acids

steroid

flat molecules made of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

proteins

the workhorse of the cell (monomers: amino acids)

peptide bonds

formed by dehydration synthesis; a covalent bond that links tow amino acids together

primary structure

the sequence of amino acids forms that polypeptide chain

secondary structure

the primary chain forms spirals and sheets. alpha helix or beta pleated sheet (H bonds)

tertiary structure

reactions between R groups, further folding. Hydrophobic on inside, hydrophilic on outside

quaternary structure

two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structure, combine to form a functional protein

how do proteins denature?

during any point of folding, disrupts function

fibrous proteins

very stable, insoluble in water. Structural: collagen. Movement: actin and myosin

globular proteins

functional proteins all have tertiary or quaternary structure, water soluble, buffer, transport, body defense, catalysts.

nucleic acids

store and transmit genetic information (monomer: nucleotides; formed by dehydration synthesis)

DNA

(T, A, G, C) deoxyribose sugar, stays in nucleus

RNA

(U, G, C, A) ribose sugar, in cytosol

ATP

(Adenosine triphosphate) three phosphates that are bonded closely together and have a lot of potential energy, and when broken release energy that can couple to other reactions