Statistics Chapter 1-2

This follows Pella High School's Statistics Cirriculum (courtesy of Emma Gerber)

what are the four levels of measurement? (think NOIR)

nominal

ordinal

interval

ratio

What is the Hawthorne effect?

a study's results are affected by participant's knowledge that they are taking part in an experience or being treated differently than usual

what are the two ways a graph can mislead the reader?

truncated

scaling

truncated misleading graph

shortened; cut off

scaling misleading graph

2D from a 1D (make it look bigger) difference

What is an ogive?

a graph that represents the cumulative frequency or cumulative relative frequency for the class

What is a histogram?

a diagram consisting of rectangles whose area is proportional to the frequency of a variable and whose width is equal to the class interval.

What is a stem and leaf plot?

like a histogram but contains numerical data

gives distribution

shows individual data points

What is stats?

the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data

5 of 6 "requirements" of the Frequency Distribution Code

1. 5-20 classes
2. classes are continuous
3. classes are exhaustive (no gaps)
4. the same width
5. classes are mutually exclusive

(6) classes width being odd (it works out better)

continuous data

Data that can take on any value. There is no space between data values for a given domain.

nominal measurement

a type of data that is used to label variables without providing any quantitative value.

Ordinal measurement

being of a specified position or order in a numbered series

interval measurement

**measured along a numerical scale that has equal distances between adjacent values**.

ratio measurement

A comparison of two quantities by division

what is a perato chart?

show the ordered frequency counts of values for the different levels of a categorical or nominal variable

What is a pie chart?

a display of how a part contributes to the whole

what is a time series graph?

a data visualization tool that illustrates data points at successive intervals of time.

What is systematic sampling?

The required elements are chosen at regular intervals from an ordered list

What is stratified sampling?

Dividing the population into subgroups then selecting a sample from each of these groups

What is cluster sampling?

With cluster sampling, the researcher divides the population into separate groups, called clusters. Then, a simple random sample of clusters is selected from the population.

What is random sampling?

everyone in the population has an equal chance of being studied

What is convience sampling?

drawing population that is closest (non-probability)