Plant Biology Exam 1

Binomial name (scientific name)

Genus specific epithet

Theophrastus

considered the first botanist

Linnaeus

developed the binomial naming system

ophyta

phylum

opsida

class

ales

order

aceae

family

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

taxonomic hierarchy in order

Archaebacteria (archea)

unicellular, prokaryotic,

ex: methanogen bacteria

Eubacteria

“typical” bacteria and blue green algae

unicellular, prokaryotic

Eukaryotes

only domain with nuclues

contains the 4 kingdoms (fungi, plant, animal, protist

Fungi

multicellular eukaryote

Polyphyletic = several independent lineages

heterotrophic = need outside source of food

Plant

one of the four kingdoms of eukaryotes

multicellular, eukaryotic

autotrophic

Animals

one of the four kingdoms of eukaryotes, multicelluar, eukaryotic, heterotrophic,

protists

one of the four eukaryotic kingdoms

eukaryotic, unicellluar, and multicellular

Cladistics

tool for determining nautral relationships

based on shared, derived characteristics

Cladogram

treelike diagram of descent

• branch represents the common ancestor

• node represents a divergence between two lines of

herbarium

• Collections of preserved plants and fungi

  • systematically arranged

  • repository

  • area of collections and records

  • germplasm

algae

• Diverse polyphyletic group

  • several independent lineages

• One of the major plant groups

  • refers to a life style and form rather than a single lineage

Rhodophyta

red algae

chromophyta

brown algae

chlorophyta

green algae

Zygomycota

black bread molds

ascomycota

cup fungi

basidiomycota

club fungi

fungi we put in salads

Bryophytes

Polyphyletic? they may or may not be

These plants don’t have xylem or phloem (plumbing system)

• Bryophyta

  • Mosses

• Hepaticophyta

  • liverworts

• Anthocerophyta

  • Hornworts

Bryophyta

Mosses, type of bryophyte

Hepaticophyta

Liverwort, type of bryophyte

Anthocerophyta

hornworts, type of bryophyte

Ferns

• Polyphyletic?

• They growth without seeds (they reproduce through

• Polypodiophyta

• Lycophyta

• Equisetophyta

• Psilotophyta

Polypodiophyta

fernsL

Lycophyta

Lycopods, type of fern

Equisetophyta

horsetails, type of fern

Psilotophyta

whisk ferns

Gymnosperms

Polyphyletic, flowering (not like your typical flower) plants and have seeds (naked) that develop on the surface of the plant’s reproductive structures

Pinyphyta, cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta

Pinophyta

confiers (pine trees) type of gymnosperm

Cycadophyta

Cycads; sago palm, type of gymnosperm

Gnetophyta

Ephedra, Gnetum, Welwitchia, type of gymnosperm

Ginkgophyta

Ginkgo, type of gymnosperm

Angiosperms

• Magnoliophyta

• Monophyletic

  • Single Lineage

• Flowering plants

• largest gorup

• most recent

• very diverse

• most successful

• 2 major groups, monocots and eudicots

Monocots

one seed leaf

Poaceae, araceae,, orchidaceae, liliaceae

Eudicots

2 seed leaves

Lamiaceae, solanaceae, rosaceae

Basal angiosperms

both monocots and eudicots

primitive features

Eudicot ex: Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)

Poaceae

grass family, monocot (angiosperm)

Araceae

Palm family, monocot (angiosperm)

Orchidaceae

Orchid family, monocot (angiosperm)

Liliaceae

Lily family, monocot (angiosperm)

Lamiaceae

Mint family, eudicots (angiosperm)

Solanaceae

Nightshade, tobacco, potato, tomato, eudicots (angiosperm)

Rosaceae

rose family, apple, rose, blackberry, eudicots (angiosperm)

Genetics

Heredity

systematics

evolutionary relationshipsC

Cytology

cellular structure and interactions

Anatomy

internal plant structureMo

Morphology

external plant structure

Plant physiology

plant functionP

pathology

plant diseases

ecology

environmental interactions

Economic botany

• the relationships between people and plants, how people use plants with a little anthropology thrown in

Phytosociology

• the study of plant -not people-communities and the relationships between species of plants

Ethnobotany

• how indigenous populations make use of plants

Biometeorology

• a newish subfield that relates plants with environment

Plant ecology

• ecology of vascular plants on land and in wetland ecosystems

Phycology

study of algae

horticulture

cultivating plants

agronomy

soil management and study as it relates to crop management

Paleobotany

fossils

plant taxonomy

categorizing plant species, usually using DNA analysis

Paleoclimatology

• how many plants have contributed to the atmosphere through history, and how plants are historical indicators of climate

Palynology

• study of where a body has been laying in a particular spot, and forensic botany

Bryology

study of mosses and liverworts

Dendrology

study of woody plants

Lichenology

study of lichens

Pteridology

study of ferns

Xyology

study of the structure of wood

Forensic botany

using plants in legal, usually criminal investigation

Biotechnology

• genetic modification of living organisms to produce useful products

Matter

• occupies space and has mass

  • composed of elements

Organic Compounds

compounds containing carbon

Polymer

chains of repeating identical or similar molecular subunits (monomers

Dehydration Synthesis

forms polymers from monomers by getting rid of an H and an OH

Hydrolysis

breaks down polymers into monomers, cuts with water

Carbohydrates

sugars, composed of C, H, and O in the ratio of C1 H2 O1

Monosaccharide

• single sugar molecule

• simple sugar

  • Glucose, fructose

Disaccharide

• two sugar molecules bonded

  • Sucrose = glucose + fructose

Polysaccharide

• complex carbohydrates

• Polymers of monosaccharides

  • Starch and cellulose

Starch

polysaccharide that is bonded in the same orientation

• glucose polymer, ex: potatoes

  • the potato is the energy storage for the potato plant to be used in the winter

Cellulose

polysaccharide that is bonded in an alternating pattern

Inulin

fructose polymer, energy storage in carbs

ex: onion, garlic

Structure of carbohydrates

cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin

Hemicellulose

• gluey, bind microfibrils

• gums e.g., gum arabic (stabilizer)

• important in binding fibers in paper

  • variable composition - short, branched glucose chains

  • structure of carbohydrates

Pectin

• galacturonic acid polymer

• Jelly

• agar and carrageenan (allows commercial ice cream to melt slower than homemade ice cream)

• structure of carbohydrates

Lipids

• Composed of C, H, O, not in a 1:2:1

  • have little or no affinity for H2O

Fats

Saturated molecules

• No double bonds between carbons in fatty acids

• straight chain

• solid at room temp

  • butter and coconut oil

Oils

unsaturated molecules

• one of more double bonds between carbons

• bend chain

  • can be cis or trans

Trans fatty acid

• doesn’t bend the fatty acid

• it acts like a saturated fatty acid

• produced by hydrogenating unsaturated fats

Phospholipid

• Major structural units of cell membranes

• glycerol + 2 fatty acid tails + phosphate unit (in head)

  • Hydrophilic head, and hydrophobic tail

Steroids

complex lipid

• Complex molecules consisting of rings of Carbon atoms

• Various Functions

  • membrane structure

  • hormones

• Plants

  • Phytosterols

  • sold as health supplements

    • reducing cholesterol

Protein

• Great diversity of functions

  • structure

  • storage of energy

  • contraction (muscle)

  • enzymes

• Polymer of amino acids

  • Contains C, H, O, N, S

Amino Acid

Amino group + r-subunit + carboxyl group