Biology Final Exam Review

Unicellular

Organism consisting of only one cell

Multicellular

Organism consisting of more than one cell

Organic Compound

A chemical compound that contains carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms with covalent bonds

Starch

a polysaccharide formed by glycosidic bonds; energy storage form in plants

Glycogen

The main storage form of glucose in animals and fungi; a polysaccharide

Active Site

Surface shape or cleft on an enzyme to which the substrate must fit, like a lock and key

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, a compound that stores energy in cells; consists of adenine, ribose (five-carbon sugar), and three phosphate groups; a nucleotide

Osmosis

The process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration; diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; passive transport of water

Active Transport

Movement of substances into or out of cells against a concentration gradient; uses cell energy and carrier molecules; from low concentration to high concentration; opposite of passive transport

Tissue

A group of similar cells that perform a common function

Organs

Several types of tissues that interact to perform a specific function

Aerobic Respiration

Breakdown of glucose to produce energy (ATP) that requires oxygen

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes within living things

Enzymes

Proteins that serve as catalysts to speed up or slow down reactions; remain unchanged during reactions; have high specificity

Glucose

A simple sugar (monosaccharide) that serves as chemical energy

Prokaryote

No nucleus; organelles are not enclosed in a membrane; has cytoplasm

Eukaryote

Has a nucleus; organelles are enclosed in a membrane; has cytoplasm

Prokaryotic cells

Bacteria

Eukaryotic cells

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Evolution

The progressive change in organisms over time; the processes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast diversity that characterizes it today; a change in the genes, ecosystem, populations, a community, and the abiotic factors with which they interact

Population

A group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources

Community

Several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent

Decomposers

Breaks down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and recycled back into the soil

Carrying Capacity

The maximum stable population size that a particular environment can support over a long period of time

Isotonic

Solute concentration is the same outside and inside the cell

Hypotonic

Less solute outside the cell than inside

Hypertonic

More solute outside the cell than inside

Protein

An organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen (CHON); amino acid is the basic building block; codons represent specific amino acids

Haploid

Cells with one set of chromosomes (e.g., sex cells)

Diploid

Cells having two sets of chromosomes (e.g., body/somatic cells)

Natural Selection (Survival of the fittest)

organisms with favorable adaptations have more chances to survive and reproduce in a certain environment

Passive Transport

Uses no energy to move materials across the cell membrane into and out of the cell; occurs naturally; includes diffusion and osmosis

Endocytosis

Cell takes material in, forming a vesicle (active transport)

Exocytosis

The opposite process of endocytosis

Nucleus

Control center of the cell; contains genetic information

Cytoplasm

Surrounds organelles inside the cell; material found between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Cell Membrane

Outer boundary of the cell; separates the cell from its surroundings; selectively permeable; controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell

Mitochondria

Carries out chemical reactions that release energy (ATP) from nutrients taken into the cell; contains its own DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Provides pathways for the movement of materials throughout the cell; rough ER has ribosomes attached; smooth ER

Ribosome

Organelles where proteins are made

Golgi Apparatus

Prepares and packages materials for secretion outside of the cell

Vacuole

Stores food, minerals, and water; contributes to plant growth by expanding; releases waste; stores poison in plants

Cell Wall

Surrounds the cell membrane; gives shape and rigidity to plant cells; cellulose holds the cell wall together

Chloroplast

Organelle where food is made; photosynthesis takes place here; contains chlorophyll pigment that gives plants a green color

Monosaccharides

Glucose, galactose, fructose, deoxyribose, ribose

Disaccharides

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible; nuclear membrane disappears; centrioles move toward opposite ends of the cell and form spindle

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell

Anaphase

Chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

Chromosomes become thread-like, forming chromatin; nucleus forms in each cell

Photosynthesis Reactants

Carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

Photosynthesis Products

Glucose and oxygen

How many cells does a normal human body cell contain?

23

What type of genetic disorder is hemophilia?

X-linked

How many nitrogen bases code for one amino acid in a protein?

3

What is the order of pathway for protein synthesis?

DNA → mRNA → protein