FINAL EXAM - Youth Homelessness

Homelessness is the situation of an individual or family without __________, __________, ___________ ________ or the immediate prospect, means, and ability of _________ it

Homelessness is the situation of an individual or family without STABLE, PERMANENT, APPROPRIATE HOUSING or the immediate prospect, means, and ability of ACQUIRING it

Indigenous Homelessness is a _______ __________ that describes First Nations, Metis and Inuit individuals, families or communities lacking ___________, ___________, ___________ ________, or the immediate prospect, means, and ability to _______ such housing

Ex. Colonization, systemic racism, oppresional legacies, intergenerational trauma

Indigenous Homelessness is a HUMAN CONDITION that describes First Nations, Metis and Inuit individuals, families or communities lacking STABLE, PERMANENT, APPROPRIATE HOUSING, or the immediate prospect, means, and ability to ACQUIRE such housing

Youth Homelessness is a situation and experience of young people between the ages of _______-________ who are living ____________ of parents/caregivers, but do not have the means or ability to acquire __________, safe, or ___________ __________

Youth Homelessness is a situation and experience of young people between the ages of 13-24 who are living INDEPENDENT of parents/caregivers, but do not have the means or ability to acquire STABLE, safe, or CONSISTENT RESIDENCE

The 4 typologies of homelessness are _____________, ____________ sheltered, ___________ ___________, & ______ _______ of homelessness

The 4 typologies of homelessness are UNSHELTERED, EMERGENCY sheltered, PROVISIONALLY ACCOMMODATED, & AT RISK of homelessness

The unsheltered typology is someone living on the __________ or in __________ not __________ for ________ _______ and this is __________ homelessness, where individuals lack a __________ or ________ place to live and this is the _______ ________ type of homelessness that is discussed

Ex. Streets, parks, abandoned buildings, vehicles, sidewalks, tents, encampments, public/private spaces without consent

The unsheltered typology is someone living on the STREETS or in PLACES not INTENDED for HUMAN HABITATION and this is ABSOLUTE homelessness, where individuals lack a PERMANENT or ADEQUATE place to live and this is the MOST COMMON type of homelessness that is discussed

The emergency sheltered typology is an individual staying in ____________ emergency shelters designed for people who are homeless

Ex. Impacted by situations, family violence, IPV, natural disaster victims, wildfire victims

The emergency sheltered typology is an individual staying in OVERNIGHT emergency shelters designed for people who are homeless

The provisionally accommodated typology is people who are homeless whose accommodation is __________ or lacks _________ of _________ long-term and this is hidden homelessness

Ex. Short-term, most common example of hidden homelessness, couch-surfing, living with relative/friends, transitional housing, halfway houses, motels, hospitals, treatment facilities

The provisionally accommodated typology is people who are homeless whose accommodation is TEMPORARY or lacks SECURITY of TENURE long-term and this is hidden homelessness

The at risk of homelessness typology is people who are ________ _________, but whose current ________/_________ situation does not meet ________ _________/__________ standards

Ex. Serious, imminent risk of homelessness

The at risk of homelessness typology is people who are NOT HOMELESS, but whose current ECONOMIC/HOUSING situation does not meet PUBLIC HEALTH/SAFETY standards

Individual/relational factors that can cause homelessness include _________ issues, __________, personal ________ issues, & socio-economic status

Ex. Getting kicked out because of sexual orientation

Individual/relational factors that can cause homelessness include FAMILY issues, TRAUMA, personal HEALTH issues, & socio-economic status

Structural factors that can cause homelessness include changes in ________, __________ _________ as the norm, lack of _________ ________, & ____________

Ex. Inflation, cost of living skyrocketing, industrialization, tech advancements, racial profiling, higher criminal record rates

Structural factors that can cause homelessness include changes in ECONOMY, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION as the norm, lack of AFFORDABLE HOUSING, & DISCRIMINATION

Institutional & system failures that can cause homelessness include lack of _________ for __________/refugees, difficult __________ from _______ ________, & inadequate ________ ________

Ex. Refugees coming with no money or no relatives to stay with, shelters don’t have enough space

Institutional & system failures that can cause homelessness include lack of SUPPORT for NEWCOMERS/refugees, difficult TRANSITIONS from CHILD WELFARE, & inadequate DISCHARGE PLANNING

A PiT Count Enumeration is an __________ of the minimum number of people experiencing homelessness within a ________ _________ ________ on a ________ __________

A PiT Count Enumeration is an ESTIMATE of the minimum number of people experiencing homelessness within a DETERMINED GEOGRAPHICAL AREA on a SINGLE NIGHT

The PiT Count Enumeration is a method used in Canada to _________ _________ and its goal is to provide a snapshot of _________ & _________ homelessness, offering valuable _______ for _________ & ________ homelessness

Ex. Measured in fall season b/c winter’s too cold, 7 areas that Calgary/Alberta PiT counts are conducted at, how many people are using/accessing services

The PiT Count Enumeration is a method used in Canada to MEASURE HOMELESSNESS and its goal is to provide a snapshot of SHELTERED & UNSHELTERED homelessness, offering valuable DATA for UNDERSTANDING & ADDRESSING homelessness

Limitations on PiT counts and the survey on homelessness include ________ ________ & ________ _________ cause it only comes across unsheltered homeless mainly

Limitations on PiT counts and the survey on homelessness include AGE RESTRICTIONS & HIDDEN HOMELESSNESS cause it only comes across unsheltered homeless mainly

Over ___,_______ people were ___________ as experiencing homelessness across 72 communities and regions and the overall number of people experiencing homelessness increased by _____% from 2018 and roughly _____% identified as youth from ages ______-_______ and ____% of respondents experienced homelessness for the _______ time before the age of 25 and ___________ respondents remain overrepresented among those experiencing homelessness

Over 40,000 people were ENUMERATED as experiencing homelessness across 72 communities and regions and the overall number of people experiencing homelessness increased by 20% from 2018 and roughly 12% identified as youth from ages 13-24 and 44% of respondents experienced homelessness for the FIRST time before the age of 25 and INDIGENOUS respondents remain overrepresented among those experiencing homelessness

Squeegee Kids were __________ ________ in Toronto, introduced _________ __________

Squeegee Kids were SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED in Toronto, introduced DISASTER RHETORIC

Hermer & Mosher said that squeegee kids have come to __________ a certain form of _________ that has been central to ______ & ______ the __________ is __________ in using a _________ on ________ approach

Hermer & Mosher said that squeegee kids have come to SYMBOLIZE a certain form of DISORDER that has been central to HOW & WHY the GOVERNMENT is JUSTIFIED in using a TOUGH on CRIME approach

The Ontario Safe Streets Act was passed in 1999 as a result of __________ __________ even though opposition sides argued that ___________ resulted from ______ ________

The Ontario Safe Streets Act was passed in 1999 as a result of SQUEEGEE KIDS even though opposition sides argued that SQUEEGEEING resulted from YOUTH POVERTY

In the 1990s, squeegee kids emerged which was during the era of the harsh _________ _________ Act, and these were kids who __________ ______ _______ at _________ for __________

In the 1990s, squeegee kids emerged which was during the era of the harsh YOUNG OFFENDERS Act, and these were kids who CLEANED CAR WINDOWS at INTERSECTIONS for MONEY

The rise of squeegee kids meant that their image was linked with __________ in the _________’s narrative, which led to a ___________ ___________ that focused on portraying squeegee kids as _________, _______ ________

The rise of squeegee kids meant that their image was linked with DISORDER in the MEDIA’s narrative, which led to a DISASTER RHETORIC that focused on portraying squeegee kids as BROADER, SOCIETAL DECAY

Disaster rhetoric is ________ used during a disaster or to _____________ a disaster and it entails ________ & ___________ and it shapes how people ________ and _________ to a disaster

Disaster rhetoric is LANGUAGE used during a disaster or to DESCRIBE a disaster and it entails FEAR & VULNERABILITY and it shapes how people PERCEIVE and RESPOND to a disaster

The narrative around squeegee kids was that they were ___________ Toronto’s _________, blamed for escalating _________ in Toronto, blamed for causing _________ ________, _________ _______, called __________ individuals who needed to get a job, and politicians made up ________ stories which the media ____________ and they threatened public _________ & ________

The narrative around squeegee kids was that they were TARNISHING Toronto’s IMAGE, blamed for escalating VIOLENCE in Toronto, blamed for causing TRAFFIC CONGESTION, HARASSING MOTORISTS, called LAZY individuals who needed to get a job, and politicians made up FALSE stories which the media AMPLIFIED and they threatened public ORDER & SAFETY

Folk Devils, Squeegee Kids, Disaster Rhetoric, & Media Amplification leads to ___________ through _________ = _______ ________ = ________ legislation

Folk Devils, Squeegee Kids, Disaster Rhetoric, & Media Amplification leads to CONSENSUS through FEAR = MORAL PANICS = TOUGHER legislation

Folk devils & squeegee kids represented a ______ ________ that influenced powerful people to use the law as a __________ to further ___________ __________ _________ in society

Folk devils & squeegee kids represented a SOCIAL PROBLEM that influenced powerful people to use the law as a TOOL to further MARGINALIZE VULNERABLE POPULATIONS in society

Squeegee kids and the Ontario Safe Streets Act is a modern day example of _________ laws, which is panhandling and it has specific sections pertaining to no _________/_________ around areas but the definitions of _________ ______ ________ & __________ of _________ things is up to the _______________ of those in power

Squeegee kids and the Ontario Safe Streets Act is a modern day example of VAGRANCY laws, which is panhandling and it has specific sections pertaining to no SOLICITING/LOITERING around areas but the definitions of CERTAIN PUBLIC PLACES & DISPOSAL of DANGEROUS things is up to the DISCRETION of those in power

The Ontario Safe Streets Act connects to __________ theory and _________-_________ theory, where those in power are enforcing _________ on these panhandlers and these _______ laws are used to cover up ________, ________ issues

Ex. Panhandling and the fining restricted the Charter right of freedom of expression & it violated presumption of innocence

The Ontario Safe Streets Act connects to LABELLING theory and CLASS-CONFLICT theory, where those in power are enforcing FINES on these panhandlers and these TOUGHER laws are used to cover up DEEPER, STRUCTURAL issues

Compared to homeless youth who begged, squeegee kids who earned money as squeegee workers were ________ involved with violent & property crime, enjoyed _________ mental health, the work kept them out of __________ & curbed __________ on alcohol, and it was a better alternative both financially and morally to panhandling

Compared to homeless youth who begged, squeegee kids who earned money as squeegee workers were LESS involved with violent & property crime, enjoyed BETTER mental health, the work kept them out of JAIL & curbed DEPENDENCE on alcohol, and it was a better alternative both financially and morally to panhandling

In 2003, O’Grady and Greene tracked down 50 homeless youth who used to __________ & found that their __________ _________

Ex. Cut from income source, forced to sleep in dangerous environments, found alternative ways of money making

In 2003, O’Grady and Greene tracked down 50 homeless youth who used to SQUEEGEE & found that their CONDITIONS WORSENED

Limitations of O’Grady’s analysis on squeegee cleaning on homeless youth included _________ ________ & the influence of concluding that squeegeeing results in more _____________ living conditions

Limitations of O’Grady’s analysis on squeegee cleaning on homeless youth included SELECTION BIAS & the influence of concluding that squeegeeing results in more ADVANTAGEOUS living conditions

The age group that typically alls under the category of street-involved youth is __________ years and younger or between ages ______-______

The age group that typically alls under the category of street-involved youth is 24 years and younger or between ages 13-24

The primary purpose of substance use among street-involved youth is _________ __________

The primary purpose of substance use among street-involved youth is COPING MECHANISM

Marx & Conflict Theory looks at how when society continues to ___________, it leads to more ___________, which is an economic system in which land, factories, & other resources are owned by individuals instead of the government

Ex. Price of things we buy are determined by the people who sell them, not the government

Marx & Conflict Theory looks at how when society continues to EVOLVE, it leads to more CAPITALISM, which is an economic system in which land, factories, & other resources are owned by individuals instead of the government

The bourgeoisie are the class of modern __________, ________ of the means of social _________ and _________ of _______-________

The bourgeoisie are the class of modern CAPITALISTS, OWNERS of the means of social PRODUCTION and EMPLOYERS of WAGE-LABOUR

The proletariat is the class of modern _______-___________ who, having _______ _______ of _________ of their ________, are reduced to __________ their ________-________ in order to _______

The proletariat is the class of modern WAGE-LABOURERS who, having NO MEANS of PRODUCTION of their OWN, are reduced to SELLING their LABOUR-POWER in order to LIVE

Marx says the proletariat vs the bourgeoisie are the two _______ ______ _______ in capitalism and that the ______ of _______ consists of the __________ of _______ _______ and __________ social ________

Marx says the proletariat vs the bourgeoisie are the two GREAT HOSTILE CAMPS in capitalism and that the DIVISION of LABOUR consists of the CREATION of PRIVATE PROPERTY and UNEQUAL social CLASSES

Marx & Conflict Theory argue that political, cultural, socio-historical _________ of _________ are explained as the _________ of __________ ________ of an ________ nature

Marx & Conflict Theory argue that political, cultural, socio-historical CONDITIONS of SOCIETY are explained as the OUTCOME of OPPOSING FORCES of an ECONOMIC nature

Marx & Conflict Theory says that society’s ____________ forces and relations of ___________ fundamentally determine society’s __________ & __________

Marx & Conflict Theory says that society’s PRODUCTIVE forces and relations of PRODUCTION fundamentally determine society’s ORGANIZATION & DEVELOPMENT

In the context of vagrancy laws, in 1274, there was a statute designed to provide ________ houses with some _________ relief from the burden of providing _______ & _________ to __________

In the context of vagrancy laws, in 1274, there was a statute designed to provide RELIGIOUS houses with some FINANCIAL relief from the burden of providing FOOD & SHELTER to TRAVELERS

In 1349, the statute made it a __________ to give _________ to anyone that was ___________ while being of sound mind & body

Ex. Alms = money or food

In 1349, the statute made it a CRIME to give ALMS to anyone that was UNEMPLOYED while being of sound mind & body

In 1964, there was a _________ of ______ _______ due to Black Plague deaths and the intent of the vagrancy laws was to __________ a __________ defined by the lawmakers as __________ > economy shifts towards _______________ > __________ of vagrancy

In 1964, there was a SCARCITY of CHEAP LABOUR due to Black Plague deaths and the intent of the vagrancy laws was to ALLEVIATE a CONDITION defined by the lawmakers as UNDESIRABLE > economy shifts towards INDUSTRIALIZATION > CRIMINALIZATION of vagrancy

Chambliss believed that _________ dictates _______ and how important _________ _________ groups are in the ___________/_______ of laws

Chambliss believed that CAPITAL dictates LAW and how important VESTED INTEREST groups are in the EMERGENCE/ALTERATION of laws

Social dislocation in the context of the globalization of addiction looks at how addiction is an _________ response to ________ ________ _________ and how the focus should be on why our current society makes it ___________ to ________ addiction versus blaming addiction on an individual’s ___________

Social dislocation in the context of the globalization of addiction looks at how addiction is an ADAPTIVE response to BROADER SOCIETAL PROBLEMS and how the focus should be on why our current society makes it DIFFICULT to AVOID addiction versus blaming addiction on an individual’s WEAKNESS

Alexander explained how social and economic forces _________ the _______ of individuals, such as ____________, ecological __________, consumerism, gross ___________, _________ culture, and financial market crises _________ & ________ individuals from _________ of _________

Alexander explained how social and economic forces BEYOND the CONTROL of individuals, such as CAPITALISM, ecological DEVASTATION, consumerism, gross INEQUALITY, CORPORATE culture, and financial market crises ALIENATE & DISLOCATE individuals from STRUCTURES of MEANING