PSYCH 1X03 - Problem Solving and Intelligence

Intelligence

the cognitive ability of an individual to learn from experience, reason well, remember important information and cope with the demands of daily living

Deductive reasoning

using a general idea to generate a specific hypothesis

Inductive reasoning

using specific facts to come to a general conclusion

Functional fixedness

difficulty visualizing alternate uses for common objects

Reliabillity

the extent to which repeated use produces a similar outcome each time

Validity

the extent to which a desired measure is actually measured

Francis Galton

conducted an experiment where he tested reaction times and related them to the person's level of intelligence

Charles Spearman

observed that people who did well on classical intelligence tasks performed well on many other tasks. He believed there was one form of central intelligence, he named it "g"

Howard Gardner

argued that there were 8 types of intelligence, and that each type of intelligence was distinct from others

What is the name of the modern day IQ test?

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale

In terms of genetics, did identical or fraternal twins have a stronger correlation in IQ?

Identical twins, they had a correlation value of +0.8

The Flynn Effect

the steady increase of raw IG scores sine 1932

What are some predicted reasons for the Flynn Effect occuring?

Increase in quality of schooling, increase of information readily available to us, increase in health and diet and increase in access to media and internet

Schema

a framework for interpreting the world and surroundings

Assimilation

incorporation of information into existing schemas

Accomodation

modification of existing schemas to fit incompatible information

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, preoporational, concrete and formal

What age does the sensorimotor stage happen?

0-2yrs

What age does the preoporational stage happen?

2-7yrs

What age does the concrete stage happen?

7-12yrs

What age does the formal operational stage happen?

12+yrs

What is learned in the sensorimotor stage?

object permanence

What is learned in the preoperational stage?

egocentrism, seriation, reversible relationships and conservation

What is learned in the concrete stage?

mastering of egocentrism, seriation, reversible relationships and conservation

What is learned in the formal operational stage?

thinking in abstract terms, and ability to work with reasoning behind hypotheses

Myia developped egocentrism before object permanence, what is this phenomenon known as?

decalage - children sometimes develop some skills out of order

Confirmation bias

tendency to seek out information that directly supports our hypothesis

Heuristic

A mental shortcut that allows people to make judgements and solve problems quickly

Representative heuristic

Tendency to assume that what we are seeing is representative of the larger category we have in our minds