Ch.3 - DNA and Ch.4 -Tissues

What type of cells found in skeletal muscle tissue? Where is it found?

• Muscle fiber/Skeletal Muscle cells

• Found; skeletal muscles

What structures does skeletal muscle tissue have? Voluntary or involuntary?

• Striated and multi nucleated (large, visible cells)

• Voluntary

What is the function of skeletal muscle tissue?

• Movement, protection, and generates heat

What type of cells found in cardiac muscle? Where is it found?

• Cardiocytes; single nucleus

• Found; heart/blood vessels

What unique structure does cardiac muscle tissue have?

• Intercalated disc: produce synchronized contractions for blood pumping

What is the function of cardiac muscle tissue?

• Move blood and maintain blood pressure

What type of cells found in smooth muscle tissue? Where is found?

• Smooth muscle cells; single nucleus

• Found; skin, blood vessel walls, stomach

What are the functions of smooth muscle tissue?

• Move food, urine, and reproductive secretions

• Control diameter of blood/respiratory vessels and

What are the structures of a neuron?

• Dendrites; shorter

• Axon; longer

• Cell body

What is the function of dendrites? Axons?

• Dendrites: receives information

• Axons: sends information to other cells

What doe the cell body contain? What is its function?

• Nucleus (lacks centrioles, CANNOT divide)

• Function: control center and processing

What are the two types of cells found in nervous tissue?

1. Neuron cells

2. Glial cells/ Neuroglia

What is the function of the neuron cell?

• Transfer and process information

• Longest cells in body

What is the function of the neuroglia or glial cells?

• Maintain physical structure

• Repair framework

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

• Avascular layers (no blood vessels)

• Cover exposed surfaces

• Line internal cavities

• Gland cells

What is a gland versus a gland cell?

• Gland: many gland cells

• Gland cell: 1 cell

What cells are glands usually made up of?

• Cuboidal cells; secretory

What are the two types of glands?

1. Exocrine glands

2. Endocrine glands

How do exocrine glands secrete? Example?

• Secrete directly onto external surface/duct

  • sweat

How do endocrine glands secrete?

1. Secretes to interstitial fluid

2. THEN, distributed by blood vessels

What are the 3 types of exocrine gland secretion?

1. Merocrine secretion

2. Apocrine secretion

3. Holocrine secretion

How does merocrine secretion work? Example?

• Product in vesicles will move to apical surface and release by exocytosis

  • Mucin/Mucus

  • Ex: salivary gland secretion

How does apocrine secretion work? Example?

A piece of

• Places product on apical surface and pinches/breaks off releasing cytoplasm with secretory product

  • Mammary glands (merocrine + apocrine)

How does holocrine secretion work?

Whole, entire

• Destroys cell by bursting, releasing secretions

  • sebaceous gland (hair)

  • cells recovered using stem cells

What is the apical surface of a cell?

• In contact with Lumen (outside space)

• Microvilli/Cilia attached

What is the base of a cell? Which are the two types?

• Base: attached to underlying tissue

  • Basal (basement membrane): bottom side

  • Lateral: side of cell

What does polarity of a cell refer to?

• Some parts of cell exposed to outside, others not

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

1. Provide physical protection

2. Control permeability (secretion)

3. Provide sensation

4. Neuroepithelium

5. Produce specialized secretions

What are the five intracellular connections?

How cells sticks together

1. Hemidesmosomes

2. Tight junctions

3. Adhesion belts

4. Gap junctions

5. Desmosomes

What is the function of hemidesmosomes? Are they attached to cytoskeleton?

• Anchor cell membrane of epithelium TO basement membrane

  • attached to cytoskeleton

What is the function of tight junctions? Are they attached to cytoskeleton?

• Interlocks cell membranes of different cells to each other on APICAL SURFACE

  • not attached to cytoskeleton

What do tight junctions prevent when two cells are joined together?

• Prevents passage of water and solutes between cells (waterproof)

What is the function of adhesion belts? Are they a part of the cytoskeleton?

• Strengthen apical region of cells by reinforcing tight junctions

  • Attached to terminal web (cytoskeleton)

What is the function of gap junctions?

• Assist chemical communication to coordinate secretion or beating cilia

How do gap junctions form?

• Held together by interlocking transmembrane proteins: Connexons

Where are gap functions found?

• Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

  • assist in beating/contractions of heart

What is the function of desmosomes? What do they use to do so?

• Provide attachment by interlocking lateral side of cell (attach cells to each other)

  • Use CAM, Cell Adhesion Molecules (glue)

What is mesothelium?

• Simple Squamous epithelium

  • Lining ventral body cavity (pericardial, pleural)

What is endothelium?

• Simple squamous epithelium

  • Lining heart and blood vessels

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium? Where is it found?

• Function: absorption, diffusion, reduction of friction

• Found; peritoneum, lungs

Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

• Packed with keratin, layer of dead cells

• Found; skin, hair, nails

Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium found?

• Found; lining of oral cavity, vagina, esophagus (lots of friction)

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium? Where is it found?

• Function: absorption and secretion

• Found; lines kidneys and thyroid gland

What does stratified cuboidal epithelium exist as?

• Rare

• Exists as sweat glands and mammary glands

What is unique about transition epithelium? Where is it found?

• Stretch or relax

• Different kinds of cells

• Found; bladder, ureters

What is the functions of simple columnar epithelium? What structure does it have?

• Functions: absorption and secretion

• Microvilli: for absorption OR Cilia: for movement of mucus

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

• Stomach, intestines, gallbladder

Where is pseudostratifed columnar epithelium found? What do they have?

• Found; trachea

• Have cilia: movement

What other cells may stratified or pseudostratified columnar epithelium have?

• Goblet cells: secrete mucin/mucus