Respiratory System

ventilation

movement of air into and out of lungs

external/pulmonary respiration

gas exchange between air in lungs and blood

internal/systemic respiration

gas exchange between blood and tissues

vestibule

stratified squamous epithelial cells lined with hairs to trap particles

nasal conchae

superior, middle, inferior ridges

nasal meatuses

superior, middle, inferior

paranasal sinuses

frontal and sphenoidal

choana

exit of nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses function

lighten skull and resonate speech

________lines the nasal cavity

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

pharynx extends from

choanae to esophagus

nasopharynx extends from…

choana to soft palate

soft palate and uvula

closes nasopharynx when swallowing

oropharynx extends from

soft palate to epiglottis

fauces

opening from oral cavity to oropharynx

tonsils of nasopharynx

pharyngeal/adenoid

tonsils of oropharynx

palatine and lingual

laryngopharynx extends from

epiglottis to esophagus

nasopharynx has _______ epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

oropharynx and laryngopharynx has ______ epithelium

stratified squamous

larynx extends from

pharynx to trachea

larynx cartilage

3 unpaired, 6 in pairs

thyroid cartilage

adam’s apple

cricoid cartilage

ring of cartiage attached to top of trachea

3 unpaired cartilage of larynx

epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid

thyroid cartilage attaches onto ____ by _____

hyoid bone; thyrohyoid membrane

paired cartilage of larynx

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

vestibular folds

false vocal cords

vocal folds

true vocal cords

glottis

space between vocal folds

vocal folds are ____ when breathing

open

vocal folds are _______ when speaking

closed

pitch is created by

arytenoid cartilage moving posteriorly and anteriorly

high pitch

arytenoid cartilage moves posteriorly - greater tension on vocal folds

low pitch

arytenoid cartilage moves anteriorly - reduced tension

trachea extends from

larynx to T5

trachealis muscle

narrows trachea for coughing

trachea epithelium

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

branching of bronchial tree

main/primary, lobar/secondary, segmental/tertiary, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

right lungs has ___ lobes and left has ____ lobes

3;2

respiratory zone

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

first place gas exchange occurs

respiratory bronchioles

Type II pneumocyte

secrete surfactant

Type 1 pneumocyte

gas exchange location

respiratory membrane

alveolar fluid, alveolar epithelium, basement membrane, interstitial space, basement membrane of capillary endothelium, pulmonary capillary epithelium

left lung has the _____ and _____

cardiac notch and impression

horizontal fissure

separates superior and middle lobe

oblique fissure

separates superior and inferior lobes

root of lung - hilum

main bronchus, pulmonary vein and artery

Residual volume

leftover air after max expiration

tidal volume

normal in/exhale

tidal volume quantity

500mL

inspiratory reserve volume

max inspiration not including tidal

inspiratory reserve volume quantity

2500-3000mL

exploratory reserve volume

max expiration not including tidal

exploratory reserve volume quantity

1100mL

functional residual capacity

residual + expiratory reserve volumes

functional residual capacity quantity

2300mL

Vital capacity

Deep breath in and out

Vital capacity amount

3500mL

inspiratory capacity

tidal + inspiratory reserve

inspiratory capacity quantity

3500mL

total lung capacity is ____

6000mL

minute ventilation

total air moved in and out per min

minute ventilation =

TV x RR

anatomic dead space

conducting zone where no gas exchange occurs

on average we breath ____ time per min

12

alveolar ventilation

volume of air available for gas exchange/min

Alveolar ventilation =

(TV-ADS) x RR

Boyles law

as container volume decreases, pressure increases

______ changes vertical volume, ______ changes lateral volume, _____ changes anterior/posterior volume of chest

diaphragm; ribs; sternum

normal exhalation

no muscles involved - diaphragm and external intercostals relax

forced expiration

abdominals, internal intercostals, transverse thoracis

quiet inspiration muscles

diaphragm and external intercostal

forced inspiration

sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor, diaphragm, external intercostal

how is lower intrapleural pressure achieved?

visceral and parietal pleura adhere to one another due to suction effect created by pleural fluid so when u pull them apart, volume increases and pressure decreases

what prevents lungs from collapsing?

lower intrapleural pressure that draws parietal pleura to thoracic cavity, pulling visceral pleura with it

surfactant

reduces surface tension to prevent alveoli collapsing

compliance depends on

elasticity and surface tension

compliance

effort required to stretch the lungs

airway resistance

SNS → NE for dilation

PNS → ACh for contraction

factors affecting ventilation

airway resistance, lung compliance, surface tension

dalton’s law

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure - sum of partial pressures = total pressure

henry’s law

concentration of a gas in a liquid is determined by partial pressure and solubility

why does alveolar PO2 drop to 104 mmHg?

addition of H20 in trachea, displacing O2 molecules and the loss of O2 in returning blood to alveoli

Why does bronchial vein PO2 drop to 95mmHg?

bronchiole veins connect here

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)

metabolic byproduct from RBC glucose metabolism that binds to hgb to increase O2

____% o2 released at rest

23

____% O2 released to tissue during exercise

73%

HgB is ____% saturated in lungs

98

shift to the right

ph decreases, temp increases, CO2 increases

shift to the right

decreased CO2, Decreased temp, increased pH

Bohr effect

H+ binds to hgb and alters shape, decreasing affinity for O2

high temp ___ O2 affinity

decrease

Haldane effect

Hgb binds more readily to CO2 when O2 is released

chloride shift

HCO3- leaves cell Cl- enters cell

dosal respiratory group

sends signals through phrenic and intercostal nerves to diaphragm and external intercostal muscles for inspiration. inhibit or stop stimulating nerves for expiration

Ventral respiratory group

activates muscle for forceful expiration and initiates forceful inhalation by dorsal respiratory group

pre-botzinger complex

pacemaker of breathing - part of ventral respiratory group

pontine respiratory group

alters breathing rhythm and switches between in and exhale