INTERGUMENTARY SYSTEM

epidermis

the ___is composed of stratified squamous epithelium

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

the three main layers of the skin are

on

epi means

skin

dermis means

under

hypo means

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum

the four layers of the epidermis

keratinocytes

the cells in the epidermal layers except the stratum basale is called ___

keratinocyte

____are cells that manufactures and stores the protein keratin

keratin

___is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties

stratum lucidum

the skin on the palm and soles of the feet has a fifth layer called ___

stratum basale

the ____is the deepest epidermal layer and attaches the epidermis to its basement membrane, which ties the epidermis to the dermis below

markel cell

____ cell functions as a sensory receptor and is connected to sensory nerves that send signals about touch to the brain

melanocyte

the cell that produces the pigment melanin

melanin

___is the protein that can be made in two forms, functions to protect cells from UV rays

melanin granules

____ granules protect the DNA of epidermal cells from UV ray damage;

stratum spinosum

_____is the young keratinocyte that has an American football-shaped appearance, meaning that they are widest in the center and tapered at the ends

langerhans cell

___functions similarly to macrophages, engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells that occur in this layer

stratum granulosum

this keratocyte was named after its granular appearance

stratum lucidum

this stratum is present in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, is a smooth, seemingly translucent layer of the epidermis

stratum corneum

the most superficial layer of every epidermis and is the layer of the skin that is exposed in the outside environment

dermis

___is an avascular layer and and contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as the deeper portions of hair follicles and sweat glands

stretch mark

___is the result when the dermis is stretched beyond its elasticity

papillary layer

this layer is made up of loose areolar connective tissue and superficial layer of the dermis forms the papillae that project into the stratum basale

tactile corpuscles

the papillary layer contains nerve fibers and touch receptors called ____

reticular layer

underlying the papillary layer is the much more substantial ___ layer, composed of dense, irregular connective tissue

hypodermis

the ____ is a layer directly below the dermis and serves to connect the skin to the underlying fascia

subcutaneous layer

the hypodermis is aka

fascia

____ is the fibrous covering of muscles and organs

fat storage, insulation, cushioning

the function of the hypodermis include ___,___ and ____

hair shaft

the externally visible portion, a long filament of keratin, is the ___

hair follicle

an epidermal structure where the shaft grow

hair bulb

the deepest follicle of the hair is called ___

hair matrix

epithelial cells within the hair bulb form the ____ and function very similarly to cells of the stratum basale

medulla

it is the fragile inner core made up of some living cells and the spaces between them

thinner hair strands

___ hair strands does not have medulla

cortex, cuticle

the medulla is surrounded by the ___, a compressed, keratinized cells that is covered by an outer layer of very hard keratinized cells knows as the ____

hair root

___is the portion of the hair between the bulb and the shaft

sebaceous gland

each hair follicle is associated with an oil gland knows as ____

arrector pili

each hair root is connected to a small muscle called the ____ that contracts in response to nerve signals, making the hair shaft stand up

nail bed, nail body

the ____ is the living component of the nail, a specialized structure of the epidermis, the cells pf which produce the ___

nail root

the nail body forms at the ___

dead keratinocytes

the nail body is composed of densely packed _____

eponychium

nail cuticle is aka

pheromones

the sweat from the glands of the axilla and inguinal region contain chemical called

eccrine sweat glands

___are the type of sweat gland found all over the body, they produce sweat for thermoregulation

dermcidin

an antimicrobial chemical

apocrine sweat glands

____are sweat glands usually associated with hair follicles and are found in the densely hair areas, such as armpits and genital regions

sebaceous glands

_____is a type of oil gland that is found all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair

sebum

most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicle, they produce an oily mixture called ____

holocrine secretion

the sebum is produced using _____ secretion

propionibacterium, staphylococcus species

the bacteria called _______ and ____ that live around the follicle, feeding off the sebum and apocrine sweat, will multiply and may trigger an immune reaction and inflammation

acne

___is the name of the disorder produces by an immune reaction that occur when the hair follicle becomes inflamed

keratin and glycolipids

due to the presence of layers of ____ and ____in the stratum corneum, the skin also acts as a protective barrier against water loss

vitamin D

the epidermal layer of human skin synthesizes __ when exposed to UV radiation

vasoconstrict

During times when the body dips below homeostatic range, these blood vessels in the dermis ____reducing heat loss at the skin’s surface

frostbite

___is the condition of the skin when the temperature of the skin drops too much

rickets

a painful disorder in children where the bones become misshapen due to lack of calcium

osteomalacia

other adults who suffer from vitamin D deficiency may develop a condition called ____, a softening of the bones

tuberculosis and COVID-19

Vitamin D has been found to be effective in immune responses against ___ and ___

granulation tissue

the quickly-made collagen is called _____

keloid

when the scar tissue continue after the wound is healed ,the scar becomes raised compared to the tissue around it and is called _____

atrophic scar

the sunken appearance of the scar if insufficient collagen is laid down in the healing process

burn

a ___ result when the skin is damaged by intense heat, radiation, electricity, or chemical

intravenous fluid

the burn patients are treated with ___ to offset dehydration and loss of nutrients

rules of nines

burns are sometimes measured in terms of the size of the total surface area affected, this referred to as the ___

first-degree burn

mild sunburn, is a superficial burn that affects only the epidermis, although this burn maybe painful and swollen, these burn typically heal on their own a few days

second-degree burn

_____ is a burn which goes deeper and affects both the epidermis and a portion of the dermis

third-degree burn

____burn fully extends to the epidermis and dermis, destroying the tissue and affecting the nerve ending and sensory function