DCF: Child Growth and Development CGAD

How do you create a positive environment for children in your care?

*Ensure learning centers have ample space for movement.

*Reduce the number of transitions throughout the day.

*Ensure the environment feels safe for the child.

*Provide activities that are slightly challenging to the child.

*Provide activities to increase development without causing frustration.

Abraham Maslow developed what?

The hierarchy of human needs

How many levels does Maslow's hierarchy have?

Five

What are the 5 levels of Maslows hierarchy?

Level 1-Physical

Level 2-Comfort and Saftey

Level 3- Social

Level 4-Self-esteem

Level 5-Self-Actualizing

What are examples of a Physical need?

*Air to breathe

*Shelter to protect

*Water to drink

*Food to eat

*Clothes to wear

*Health care

What are examples of Comfort and Saftey?

*Safety

*Security

*Stability

*Transportation

*Safe relationships

*Child care

What are some examples of Self-Esteem?

*Adequacy

*Confidence

*Importance

*Sense of efficiency,capability,resilency,hopefulness

*Ability to cope and problem solve

What are some examples of Self-Actualizing?

*Fulfill one's life purpose and meaning

*Being all that one is able to be

*Spirituality

*Personal emotional response

*Refinement of interpersonal skills

What does the heirarchy of needs mean to you as a child care professional?

*Basic needs must be met first,when not met,the child's self worth suffers.

*Neglect can occur at all levels,not just basic needs.All needs are important.

*Child care professionals need to be aware of the family circumstances to understand what needs are beig met at home.

Do the lower levels of needs have to be met before higher needs can be accomplished?

Yes

Successfully meeting the needs at each level results in what?

Fulfilling one's life with purpose and meaning.

Erik Erikson developed what?

He developed eight pyschosocial stages through which humans develop throughout their entire lifetime. It is called the Eight Conflicts in Emotional Development.

What are each of Erikson's stages called?

Conflicts

Moving successfully through each of Erikson's stages results in what?

A strong social and emotional life.

What is the first conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented at?

Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)

What is the second conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented?

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years)

What is the third conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented?

Initiative vs. Guilt (4 to 5 years)

What is the fourth conflict in Erikson's theory and the age that it is presented?

Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 12 years)

Why don't we study Erikson's Conflicts 5-8?

They are important in the study of human development,but they are less significant in child development,because Erikson believes that they occur after the age of 12.

What is the meaning of Trust vs. Conflict

*Trust is developed over time by providing an infant with a consistent,comforting environment.

*When needs are met,trust is established.

*Trust builds a emotional foundation.

*A lack of trust can result in proor emotional stability.

What is the meaning of Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?

*Toddlers need to explore their own bodies and environment in order to become confident about themselves.

*When autonomy is allowed a person can become comfortable with his/her choices.

*A lack of autonomy can result in a feeling of shame or insecurity.

What is the meaning of Initiative vs. Guilt?

*When initiative is encourged,a person experiments within one's environment.

*4 or 5 year olds begin to develop an interest in exploring beyond themselves.

*Children who can't explore will be prone to guilt for their actions.

*A lack of industry can result in a feeling of low self worth.

What does Erikson's theory mean to a child care professional?

It means they can:

*Create relationships with children based on trust.

*Allow children to exercise autonomy whenever safe and practical.

*Guide children to initiate activity or portions of activities whenever safe and practical.

*Promote the building of your children's creativity during activities.

How can you resolve conflicts and create a resilient social and emotional life?

By encouraging trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry.

What is Jean Piaget's theory called?

The Four Stages of Cognitive Development

What was Jean Piaget interested in?

Learning how children develop an intellectual understanding of the world.

What was Jean Piaget's theory based on?

The concept of cognitive structures. These structures are patterns of physical or mental action that underlie acts of intelligence and correspond to stages of child development.

What does Piaget assume about humans?

They take the information that they recieve and process it,then react to it.

According to Piaget,children develop the ability to learn in how many basic stages?

4

In each of Jean Piaget's stages what does development focus on?

Acquiring a diffrent set of related characteristics and abilities.

What are the Four Stages of Cognitive Development?

1- Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

2- Preoperational (2-7 years)

3-Concrete-operational (7-11 years)

4-Formal Operations (11+ years)

What are the signs of sensorimotor?

*Explore their world through senses and motor skills.

*Understand the world by physically manipulating objects.

*Trial and error problem solving

*Object permanence child does not know that physical objects remain in existence when out of sight.

What are signs of preoperational?

*Preschoolers and early school-age children learn about their world through their actions.

*Uses symbols to mentally represent objects.

*Increase development of language and concepts.

*Reasoning may be illogical and not sequential.

*Egocentric thought processes

What are signs of concrete-operational?

*Older school-age children learn about their world by applying logic.

*Deal with changes and process

*Are able to make relationships about why things happen.

*Understand how things relate to one another

What are signs of formal operations?

*Early high-school schildren learn about their world through constructing and solving problems.

*Begin to think about thinking

*Think in abstract terms

*Make educated guesses

How does knowledge of Jean Piaget's four stages help you the child care provider?

The stages help you understand how babies and children may percieve their envirnment.

When you plan developmentally appropriate learning activities what is important to keep in mind?

A child's stage of cognitive development

What does Piaget's theory help you understand?

Why children make thinking "mistakes"

What are two primary instructional techniques that are based on Piaget's theory?

Discovery learning and supporting the developing interests of children.

Children should be exposed to a wide variety of concrete experiences such as?

*Use of manipulative field trips and working in groups to help them learn

What did Lev Vygotsky develop?

He developed the social development theory of learning

What did Lev Vygotsky theorize?

That social and cultural interaction are the primary sources of learning and behavior.

What were some of Vygotsky's major theory ideas?

*Children acquire knowledge through culture.

*Children learn through problem solving experiences shared with a knowledgeable abult or peer.

*A child can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboartion that could not be achieved alone. Vygotsky called this the zone of proximal and claimed that learning occured in this zone.

What is scaffolding?

An instrumental technique where a person interacting with the child assumes more responsibility for guiding the learning. As the child learns,the responsibility is gradually transferred to him.

How can child care professionals use the information from vygotsky's theory?

*Give them things within in their range of ability

*Pair children up

Where must Learning environments be developed?

Where children play an active role in their own education as well as the educatiom of their peers. The adult collaborates with children in order to create meaing in ways that childrencan make their own.

What does the culture that surrounds children and their social interaction lead to?

Continous step-by-step changes in their learning and behavior.

What factors influence child's growth and development?

...This course will teach you the basic principals of child growth and development.

What are the developmental domains?

...you will learn how these principles affect children's learning.

Define Growth

A is specific body changes and increases in the child's size,such as height,weight,head circumference and body mass index.

Define Development

An increase in complexity,a change from relatively simple to more complicated.Usually involves a progression along a continous pathway on which the child acquires more refined knowledge,behaviors, and skills.

body

We define growth as specific ____ changes and increases in the child's size.

During the first year of an infants life,babies grow how much in length and weight?

They can grow_10__inches in length and triple their birth weight.

After the first year a baby's growth slows down to how many inches a year?

They grow _5_ inches a year for the next 2 years and continues from age 2 or 3 to puberty at a rate of two to three inches each year.

When do girls enter puberty?

Between _8_ to _13_ years of age

When do boys usually enter puberty?

_10_ to _15_ years of age

How does growth proceed?

From the head downward and from the center of the body outward.

Children gain control of what first followed by their arms and legs

Head and neck

At birth what three part's of the body are fully functioning inorder to support the infant?

The brain,heart,and spinal cord

As children grow which two muscles must develop first before the finger and toe muscles do?

The arm and leg muscles

Do children differ in growth?

Yes, some children are taller,some shorter. Some children are smaller,while others are larger.

How is normal growth supported?

By good nutrition,adequate sleep,and regular exercise.

Do children grow at a steady rate throughout their childhood?

No

Children will experience weeks or months of slightly slower growth followed by what?

Growth spurts

How can you help children understand their differences in growth?

Show pictures of various stages of growth and showing them what's alike.

If you detect that a child is self-conscious about her size,how would you help her work on increasing her self acceptance?

Show them that being diffrent is what makes us unique and special.

If you have some concern about a growth-related issue about a child,how would you approach this issue with parents?

First build relationship with parent,then share typical growth information with them.

Is the developmental sequence the same for all children?

Yes,but the rate varies

What are some examples of Principle 1-Developmental sequence is similiar for all?

*Children develop in relatively the same ways.

*They can move forward,regressfor a short time,then move forward again.

*Some children may skip a behavior or skill as they move forward.

*While the sequence is similar and the behaviors or skills emerge in the same order children can take more or less time each behavior or skill.

What are examples of Principle 2-Developmental proceeds from General to Specific.

*Development progresses from a beginning point moving in a forward direction.

*Development of behaviors and skills moves from general to specific.

*As children mature their bodily changes occur in a sequential order and give children new abilities.

*As the brain and nervous system develops,a child's thinking cognitive skills and motor physical skills improve.

*In motor development,an infant's large muscles develop first and result in the ability to wave the arms and kick the legs.

*Development continues in the smaller muscles in the fingers and toes and results in the abilityof the fingers to grasp objects and the toes to help with balance when standing and walking.

What are examples of Principle 3-Development is continous

*In children who develop normally,behaviors and skills they have already acquired become the basis for new behaviors and skills.

*There is continuity from one phase of development to the next.

*Children continue to add new behaviors and skills as they perfect their ability to walk,to write or draw and to speak.

*In order for children to write or draw,they must have developed the control of their hands and fingers to hold a crayon and pencil.Holding a pencil develops into writing and drawing.

*The continuation of development can easily be seen in children as they mature from age 2 to age 12.

What are examples of Principle 4-Development Proceeds at diffrent rates

*Each child is diffrent,and the rates at which individual children develop are diffrent.

*Although the sequences for development are usually the same for all children,the rates at which individual children reach each stage will be diffrent.

*Some children will walk at ten months while others walk at eighteen months of age.

*Development is never uniform,but it is constant.

What are examples of Principle 5- All areas of development are interrelated

*Development in children is interrelated

*Principles 1 through 4 show how the body has to grow and develop before new behaviors and skills can occur.They also demonstrate the first 2 of 6 areas od development,called domains.

What are the 6 Domains of Development

*Physical Health

*Motor Development

*Cognitive Development and General Knowledge

*Language and Communication

*Social and Emotional

*Approaches to Learning

What are the characteristics of Physical health and Motor Development Domains?

Involves increased physical growth and abilities.

What are characteristics of Cognitive Development and General Knowledge and Approaches to Learning Domain?

Thinking,planning,creating,exploring,and questioning.

What are the characteristics of Langueage and Communication Domain of Development?

A child's ability to see,hear,speak,read,and write.

How is Social and Emotional Domain of Development defined?

By forming relationships and attachments.

How many brain cells do we get at birth and how much wiring is between them?

100 billion but their is minimial wiring between them.

What is a Synapse?

A connection between two nerve cells.They are formes throughout the brain throughout life.

Early on how are these new pathways?

Simple,vulnerable,and grow rapidly.

Over time the brain surrounds the synapse with a kind of insulation that offers protection to the conncections. What is the insulation called?

Myelin

How are messages between synapses sent?

Electrochemically

What chemicals are involved in conveying messages?

Serotonin,norepinephrine,epinephrine,dopamineand tryptamine

Some chemicals are specialized and indicate what?

Pleasure,pain or alarm

What determines which connections are initially formed?

Stimulation and experience

What gets "wired" into the brain?

Stimuli that are encountered early and often,as well as the child's successful responses.

What helps determine the strength and durability of a connection?

Practice and Repitition

What does the saying "use it or lose it" apply to?

Brain development

How are a baby's early repertoire of responses exercised?

At random

Developmental Windows

Certain periods of time when children are especially receptive to their surroundings and interactions with other people.These periods of time are tied to brain developmental milestones. For example,language skills depend on hearing other people speak.

If there is not adequate verbal stimulation in the first years of life what is negatively affected?

Language skills,especially grammar and pronunciation.

When does the window of oppurtunity for learning language skills begin to close?

Around 5 Years old and greatly deminishes around puberty.

How is growth influenced?

By the baby's environment and experiences.

A child's heredity are genes that are passed along from the parents. What do they determine?

The child's brain development

What affect's brain structure?

Early experiences in the environment

What determines how children develop?

Their environment and experiences

What things have an affect on the development of a child's brain and their ability to socialize and grow?

*How you diaper,feed,and put to sleep.

*The way you great,and the way comfort.

*The amount of space the child had to play in,and the ambient lighting

*The songs you sing

*The toys you provide

*The meals you serve

What are some examples of how these things affect development?

If your not feeding them properly they wont grow. Greeting allows them to feel like they belong. If they dont have a lot space they won't develop gross motor skills.

Knowledgeable caregivers can do what?

Detect indicators of possible delays,and can help get the child the assistance he needs.