strayer 22

Decolonization

The action of changing political status from a colonial to an independent one.

This is significant because many African & Asian states won their independence through negotiation & gradual reformation rather than military confrontation.

Indian National Congress (INC)

Political party founded in 1885 to demand more Indian participation in the government.

This is significant because it was typically of the middle/upper class & eventually helped win india's independence from britain.

Mahatma Gandhi/Satyagraha

Leader of the INC in Britain-ruled India through nationalism.

This is significant because he lead india to independence while using nonviolent forms of protest. Satyagraha: true force (through peace)

Muslim League

Created in 1906 as a response to the INC in India's struggle for independence from Britain.

This is significant because Muhammad Ali Jinnah argued Muslims & Hindu were two separate populations & therefore needed their own state called Pakistan.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The Indian statesman who helped found Pakistan as a Muslim state.

This is significant because he argued for the differences between Hindu & Muslim cultures & advocated for the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Pathan Muslim that had a British education & dedicated himself to the nonviolent protests of colonial rule.

This is significant because he created the Khudai Khidmatgar or "Servants of God" in 1929 that was committed to nonviolent social reform despite the violent nature of the Pathan people.

African National Congress (ANC)

Political organization created in 1912 that helped achieve equal rights for blacks in South Africa.

This is significant because it didn't become popular until 1944, & was created by elite Africans that desired to be accepted into colonial society.

Nelson Mandela

South African nationalist & leader of the ANC who was imprisoned on charges of conspiracy to overthrow the apartheid gov't of South Africa.

This is significant because he was the first democratically elected president in 1944, 4 years after being released from prison.

Black Consciousness/Soweto

South African movement that wanted to foster pride, unity, & political awareness among the country's African majority.

This is significant because it often resulted in violent protests against the white minority rule as in Soweto, an impoverished black neighborhood that was the site of hundreds of deaths in 1976.

Military Government

A government administered by military force.

This is significant because many wars & armed conflicts come from military gov'ts being unable to think outside the usage of their military.

Globalization of Democracy

The spread of democracy that ultimately gives citizens a say in world organizations.

This is significant because it focuses on human dignity, honest governing, & human rights as a universal policy.

Import Substitution & Export-Led Industrialization

Alternant approach to exporting agricultural products & raw materials in latin america; the specialization in products for export.

This is significant because it was a system that attempted to strengthen industrial power by limiting foreign imports; generated rapid econ growth & put these countries into "the ranks" of the industrialized world.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

General who led Turkey when it first emerged from the fallen Ottoman Empire.

This is significant because he fought off European powers & sought to transform the country into a modern, secular & national state.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Supreme religious leader of the Shi'ite group & Iran from 1979-1989.

This is significant because he islamicized public life & ended his reign with lots of issues.

In what ways did the colonial experience and the struggle for independence shape the agenda of developing countries in the second half of the twentieth century?

Colonization & decolonization with the struggle for independence shaped the developing countries in many ways. They had the examples of the Western countries to look up to, as well as their own traditions to incorporate. There was issues finding ways to integrate the old with the new as well as sustain a stable economy in the process. The agenda of the developing countries was majorly shaped around cultural & economic ideologies as well as some social that had to do with worker's & women's rights. There was struggle to mimic the western development with the ties to the tradition many people did not want to lose.

How would you compare the historical experience of India and China in the twentieth century?

In the beginning of the century, both China & India were under heavy western influence on their culture, economy & political life. They both achieved independence in the 1940s, but differently. China went through revolutionary struggle while India partook in peaceful protests led by Gandhi. As it progressed, India kept a democratic govt, but China chose to adopt communism. This was seen in the economy as well as China used the communism to abolish private property & such until switching to a more capitalist view, but India maintained private property. They both saw rapid economic growth in the end of the century to achieve being economic powers.

From the viewpoint of the early twenty-first century, to what extent had the goals of nationalists or independence movements been achieved?

Nations have certainly achieved independence by breaking out of their colonial states. Many of those states rejected the racism that was being thrown against them in the fight for independence, marking a victory of the nationalist leaders. As nations developed, there was rising life expectancy as well as literacy rates & a declining infant mortality due to proper healthcare & education, again a win for the nationalist leaders. Most of the independent countries achieved some level of industrialization that boosted the poor economy & overall made life slightly better. Ultimately lots was achieved from the viewpoint of the 21st century.

Looking Back: To what extent did the struggle for independence and the postcolonial experience of African and Asian peoples in the twentieth century parallel or diverge from that of the earlier "new nations" in the Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?

They had all sought to define their states especially when dominated by European powers. There was rebellion against what was being done by the western rulers as they recognized the inequality. There was a claim of international status equivalent by their former rulers despite clearly being weak in terms of economy & political stability upon this realization. To achieve this there was often revolutionary struggle that accompanied the fight to freedom & on occasion the physical combat to claim rights. There was struggle to develop economies that were heavily influenced by the western colonial ruling leaving it difficult to think outside of what they knew from the west.

Primary Source

Document 22.1: A Secular State for an Islamic Society

On what grounds did Ataturk justify the abolition of the caliphate?

He stated that there was no way that one could unite the entire Muslim population that has many races and ethnicities together through only the religion. He said that Turkey shouldn't bother using its resources on trying to unite them. The Caliphate was described as a snobbish ruling that didn't pay attention to its people and would not work for everyone.

What additional actions did he take to remove islam from a public or political role in the new Turkish state?

He attempted to replace the Shari'a law with a secular one that would allow for the freedom of thought and opinion within Turkey. He also tried to get rid of everything Islam-related and remove all sorts of religious titles that were once used. It could be viewed as an "religious cleansing" in favor of the secular law.

What can you infer about Ataturk's view of islam?

You can infer that Ataturk did not agree that religion and law should be together, especially Islam. He thought that Islam in itself was selfish and didn't think of bettering the country in terms of the economy and relationships outside of religion. He didn't think that the Shari'a could successfully govern the entirety of Turkey and it held them back from developing into a global power.