UNIT 6: Consequences of Industrialization c. 1750 - 1900

Unit 6

• Consequences of Industrialization

• c. 1750 - 1900

• industrialization in Europe created economic and technological advantages, leading to the expansion of European empires

Social Darwinism

certain races or nations were superior to others and that competition between groups was a natural and necessary process

• powerful nations had the right to dominate weaker ones

• displayed conquests and colonization as part of the natural order of the world

• exploitation of Indigenous populations by European powers since they were the higher power

Civilizing Mission

a moral duty to bring western civilization, culture, and Christianity to non-European peoples

• rationalization for imperialism

• suppression of native cultures

• forced assimilation to the western style of living

• justified imperialism

King Leopold II

• King Leopold II of Belgium owned and controlled the Congo

• exploited its abundance of natural resources, specifically rubber

• the people of the Congo were undergoing extreme violence, forced labor, and mass killings as they were forced to meet rubber production demands

Decline of the Spanish and Portuguese

• began to challenge the Spanish and Portuguese dominance in global trade and colonization

• economic instability: high taxes, and reliance on limited resources

• became heavily dependent on gold and silver from their colonies

• interior corruption, weak leadership, and independence movements

Settler Colony

an abundant number of foreign settlers establish permanent communities, which often displace or conquer Indigenous populations

• European settlers migrated to and established permanent communities in foreign territories, often displacing indigenous populations and establishing new societies based on European models

Sepoy Rebellion OR Indian Revolt of 1857

• revolt against the British rule in India in the service of the British East India Company

• protests among Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company’s army

  • particularly over the use of rifle cartridges greased with cow and pig fat

Outcome:

• British government discontinued the British East India Company and placed India directly under the rule of the British power

• British increased their military presence in India and implemented policies to prevent future revolts

Economic Imperialism

a system where industrialized nations assert control over less developed regions through economic dominance rather than direct political rule

Opium Wars: Causes

• the increasing opium trade with the Western powers meant that for the first time, China imported more goods than it exported

• The British East India Company illegally smuggled opium into China

Opium Wars: Outcome

Treaty of Nanjing: concluded the First Opium War between Great Britain and China

• unequal trading terms between China and Great Britain

• forcing China to give up Hong Kong

  • British took Hong Kong into possession

Indentured Servitude: c. 1450-1750

a labor system used in European colonies, as a temporary substitute to slavery

• a major source of labor for industrialized economies, specifically in plantations, mines, and environmental works and projects

• harsh working conditions and no pay

Causes of Migration

• famine, natural disasters, and resource depletion

• colonial policies and rebellions of the people

• climate conditions and soil depletion

• economic devastation

Ethnic Enclave

neighborhood or community where immigrants from the same ethnic background settle and maintain their cultural traditions/beliefs

Impacts on the Host Country:

• provided labor in industries such as agriculture, mining, and construction.

• diverse cultural influences, including food, religion, and traditions

• faced racial discrimination and legal restrictions

• conflicts arose between native populations and migrant communities, leading to anti-immigrant policies

• many migrant groups eventually integrated into the majority society while maintaining their cultural beliefs.

Chinese Exclusion Act

prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

• the first significant law in American history to restrict immigration based on ethnicity or religion

White Australia Policy

a set of laws and immigration restrictions designed to limit non-European immigration to Australia (directed against Asian migrants, particularly Chinese and Pacific Islander laborers)