Sensory & Perceptual disorders

conductive hearing impairment

dysfunction with decreased sensitivity to sound in external or middle ear

occurs when sound cannot reach cochlea

etiologies of conductive hearing impairment

wax in outer ear

ossification of bones

middle ear infections

edema

sensorineural hearing impairments

hearing mechanism disturbed in inner ear

often irreversible d/t drugs or trauma (loud sounds, etc.)

etiologies of sensorineural hearing impairments

long-term exposure to loud sounds

trauma

ototoxic prescriptions

aging

metabolic causes

certain disease states

otis media

inflammation of infection of middle ear with presence of effusion

risk factors for otis media

pacifiers

second-hand smoke

GI reflux

daycare propped bottles

acute otis media

usually short duration

often follows URI

pus forms and possible TM rupture

manifestations of acute otis media

sudden onset of ear pain

fever

poor hearing

dizziness

vertigo

mastoid pain

chronic otis media

chronic e. tube obstruction impairs equalization of air pressure in middle ear

manifestations of chronic otis media

poor hearing

“snapping & popping”

retracted TM

pain

vertigo

purulent DC

otis externa

inflammation of outer ear, known as swimmer’s ear

etiology for otis externa

excess moisture in ear canal, fungi, bacteria, trauma

manifestations for otis externa

pain

touching tragus

fullness in ear

decreased hearing

white particles on sides of canal

meniere disease

chronic disorder of inner

accumulation of endolymph in labyrinth; cochlea degenerates

manifestations of meniere disease

tinnitus

vertigo

feeling of fullness

fluctuating hearing loss

tinnitus

low buzzing/blowing sound; louder before vertigo attack

vertigo

onset usually sudden

reaches maximal intensity within few minutes

usually lasts for an hour or more

myopia

nearsightedness

elongated eye, image focused in front of retina rather than on it; fuzzy image

strabismus

ocular misalignment

manifestations of strabismus

squinting

close 1 eye to see

difficulty picking up objects

dizziness

headache

etiology of strabismus

abnormal fusion mechanism of visual system

cataracts

clouding or opacity of lens; causes eventual loss of sight

usually bilateral and most common >65 years

etiologies of cataracts

aging

trauma

congenital factors

metabolic disease

prescription

manifestations of cataracts

white opacity of the lens

gradual blurred vision

altered color perception

visual distortion

decreased night vision & increased glare at night

abnormal presence of light in the visual field

decline in near and distant vision

loss of red reflex

macular degeneration

degeneration of macular area of retina with progressive loss of central vision

etiologies of macular degeneration

idiopathic

injury

inflammation

nutritional

hereditary

manifestations of macular degeneration

loss of central vision

yellow spots on macula

visual distortion

glaucoma

increased IOP and progressive vision loss

chronic open-angle

IOP increased by decrease in outflow of aqueous humor

gradual loss of vision in periphery results in tunnel vision

acute angle closure

angle between pupil & cornea is narrow; blocks aqueous humor outflow when pupil is dilated

manifestations of acute angle closure

severe eye pain

nausea/vomiting

blurred vision & halos

red eye

dilated pupil nonreactive to light

how severe is acute angle closure?

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