HDFS Exam 1 study guide (WIP)

you're actually js gonna kys atp

Why should you study for HDFS?

Your career, your family, yourself right now, the stages ahead of you

The seven cross cutting themes of development are

Lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, family based, contextual, co-constructed

Lifelong definition

Your role in the family

• Meaningful physical, cognitive, emotional, changes continue

Multidimensional

• biological/physical

• cognitive

• socioemotional, relationships

ex: hormonal changes

Multidirectional

• involves gains and losses

ex: learning languages is harder with age

Plastic

• Characteristics are malleable

• early experience matters, but is not destiny family based

Contextual

• normative age graded

  • expected to happen at a certain age group

ex: puberty, retirement, starting school

Family based

family structure, rela quality, family development — not only blood related

Co-constructed

• biology, culture, and individual choice each shape others

ex: genes set a range, env. changes expression

Normative History

influences everyone in your generation

ex: covid, chatgpt

Normative age graded

puberty, retirement, starting school — at a certain age

Non-normative

affects only a few people

ex: dad dying, car crashes

What is development?

CONTEXTUAL!!!

3 areas of development

physical development, cognitive development, socioemotional development

Nature vs. Nurture

Born with it vs. being taught it

nature: Intelligence: Research suggests a genetic influence on IQ, as identical twins tend to have more similar IQ scores compared to fraternal twins.

nurture: Education and learning opportunities: Access to quality schooling and stimulating environments can profoundly affect cognitive development and skills, regardless of genetic predispositions.

Epigenic view

environment can chemistry modify DNA and change how genes are expressed

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

Changes gradually or does it happen in stages

ex: height, vocab vs ex: walking, reproducing

Stability vs Change

early traits fixed, or can they be remade

What is theory?

coherent set of ideas that explains / lets you predict what happens next

Characteristics of good development theory

what: What you’re studying

why: directs you to a prediction you can test

how: guides how it’s collected

testable: shows if the theory is wrong or not

supported: has a body of evidence to support

The four family developments

Psychoanalytic, Cognitive, Learning behavior, Contextual/ecological

Psychoanalytic

Develop driven by forces outside awarness

Cognitive

Development is a change in how you think

Learning behavior

What experiences teach you

Contextual / ecological

What surrounding system makes possible

Freuds theory

Id: drives and instincts

Superego: Conscience and inherited (like angel vs devil on your shoulder)

Ego: rational thought, balancing the other two against reality

• belives in discotinued (each stage is qualitatively different), both nature and nurture, and stability

Freuds 5 psychosexual stages

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Oral stage for babies

1 ½ year old, Infants pleasure on their mouth

Anal stage for babies

1 ½ to 3 year old, child pleasure focused on butthole

Phallic stage for babies

3 to 6 year old, child pleasure focuses on the genital

Latency stage for now kids

6 to puberty, child represses sexual interest and develops sexual social and intelectual skills

Genital stage for kids +

puberty +, sexual reawakening

Erikson theory

Development runs across lifespan. engine social connections, not sexual urgers

Erikson eight stages

trust vs mistrust,

autonomy vs shame and doubt,

Initiative vs guilt,

industry vs inferiority,

identity vs identity confusion,

intimacy vs isolation,

Generativity vs stagnation

Integrity vs despair

Trust vs mistrust age

infancy (1yo)

Autonomy vs shame and doubt age

Infancy (1 to 3yo)

Initiative vs guilt age

Early childhood (3 to 5 yo)

Industry vs inferiority age

middle and late childhood (6 to puberty)

Identity vs Identity confusion age

Adolescence (10-20 yo)

Intimacy vs isolation

Early adulthood (20-30)

Generativity vs stagnation age

Middle adulthood (40-50)

Integrity vs despair age

Late adulthood (60+)

Freud theory vs Erikson theory

Freud believes its based off of social connections, not sexual like freud.

Piaget theory

Sensorimotor: world through senses and actions

Preparational: symbol and language, but not logic

Concrete operational: Logic about real, present things

Formal operational: logic about abstract and hypothetical

• belives in discontinuity

Piaget vs Vygotsky perspective on cognitive

Piaget's cognitive theory is that children go through 4 stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world around them.

Vygotsky is sociocultural theory emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide you

4 stages of piaget

Sensorimotor stage, Preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage

Sensorimotor stage

Infant constructs understand through sensory (0-2 yo)

Preoperational stage

child begins to represent the world with words and images (2-7 yo)

Concrete operational

child can now reason logically with events (7-11yo)

Formal operational stage

adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logic ways (11+)

Learning/Behavioral theories view development

how people acquire behaviors, skills, and knowledge through interaction with their environment

Classical Conditioning (WATSON)

pairing something thats unrelated with enough practice the response transfers

• dog bark at bell. dog think bad. give treat. dog stop bark. thinks bell good.

free card bc im going insane

hi me, its okay you can do it!

operant theory skinner

Consequences of a behavior produces changes in the probability of the behavior reoccuring

Positive reinforcement

Add unplesant consequences to reduce behaviors

• added

Positive punishment

Add unplesant consequence to reduce behavior

• taken away

Negative reinforcement

seatbelt alarm rings until you put it on (reward when done correctly)

• added

Negative punishment

take phone away from a bad child (punishment to correct themselves)

• taken away

Why Predictable vs. Random Rewards Matter

• predictable builds habits, variable rewards keeps them alive, awaiting for it

Why continuous vs. intermittent matters

• continuous rewards are great for starting, but intermittent are better for keeping long lasting behaviors.

• all the time vs some of the time

Bandura doll experiment

• to see if children will copy adult behavior, and learns from did

• made adult punch and kick bobo, and to some verbal abuse

• would watch child if reciprocate

• shown that they learn from the negativity in the enviorment

Bronfenbrenner ecological system

a person develops inside system act on eachother

influence runs from all ways

Bronfenbrenner 5 system

The individual — sex age health etc

Microsystem — family, school, peers

Mesosystem

Exosystem — Neighbors, friend / family

Macrosyste, — attitudes and ideologies

Family system theory

Set of relationships

interdependence change in 1 relationship changes the others

• subsystem: relationship

• system: the family that they make up

• Interdependence: a change in one relationship changes others

Purpose of research

• modify — what makes an outcome

• describe — what happens

• explain — what goes with what

• predict — what follows from what

Scientific method steps

• identify the problem

• form a hypothesis

• collect data

• analyze data

• disseminate — for others can build on

Cross sectional

• compare diff ages age @ once

Pros and Cons

• fast and cheap

• cannot show individual change

• vulnerable cohort effect

  • influenced due to participants all living through the same era/time period (all 6 year olds, all 80 year olds)

Longitudinal

• follows same people for a long time

pros and cons

• shows actual change in the indv

• expensive, slow, can drop out

• vulnerable to practice effect

  • getting used to the experiment every time, only getting better due to repetition

Self report

said by the patient itself

Observation

recording whats occuring

Strandardized testing

1-5 tests to see if they agree or not

physiological measures

objective, quantifiable info collected from persons body that reflects their biological state/function

Experimental

Participants are put in a experiment and details are recorded

Population

Whole group

sample

people studied

generalization

assuming everyone from a certain group agree

• everyone who eats burgers are fat

random selection

equal chance of being chosen (like picking names from a hat)

sampling bias

Everyone in the sample is the same

• everyone is females, white, blonde

not inclusive

Why do we need samples?

Studying a whole population is often impratical, too costly, or impossible, so gathering a few people is more practical, time-efficient, representative, generalized confidently, and avoids bias

4 ethical principles

Informed consent — told everything in detail

Special protection for certain — anyone whose capacity is decided freely is limited

Privacy and Confidentiality

Justified risk — most acknowledge all risks

Tuskeegee Syphilis study — did the effects end after the study?

No. The effects continued, killing many men and contaminating women. Pregnant women ended up giving syphilis to their children.

Chromosones in human cells

46 total — 23 pairs

Sperm vs egg cells

Sperm smallest human cell, highly motile, millions per ejaculation

Egg largest human cell, immotile, usually 1 per cycle

Genes

hereditary, expressed due to enviorment

dominant vs recessive

Dominant only needs one to copy to show — Recessive needs both genes

sex linked

males have one X, so an altered gene has no backup copy

• mutation on the X chromosome, making it a sex-linked recessive condition.

Polygenic

Height, temperment, and mot disorder risk involve many genes at once

A gene for a trait is often misleading…

usually overly simplistic and can mislead because most human traits are not controlled by a single gene.

Chromosome abnormality and a gene linked abnormality

A whole chromosome fails — while gene is altered, and chromosomes are fine

Chromosome abnormalities

• a extra one — down syndrom, klinefelter (XXY, XYY)

• a missing one — turner syndrom

• abnormal one — fragile X

Gene linked abnormalities

sickle-cell anemia

huntington disease

pnenykletonuria

some forms of diabetes

Different types of testing

Amniocentesis — tells more and carries + risks

Blood plasma — carries none and tells you less

reasons for genetic testing

• family history carrier screen that come back positive

• early tx

• preparing

reasons for no genetic testing

• doesn’t change decisions you make

• invasive

• can be a burden

• info isn’t only yours, but shared

Enviorment that genes shape

Passive

Evocative

active

Passive

happened around as a child

• Musical parents passes genes of a house full of instruments

  • Matters most in early life

Evocative

offered the opportunity

• someone sees a child whos good at music and offers them a opportunity to join their band

active

looking for the opportunity

• outgoing pt. seeks others

  • important as independence is gained

conception

• ovum released from puberty until menopause

• sperm arrives in 100mil, few reaching ovum

• fertilization in fallopian tube

• zygote makes new person

challenges:

• ovulation not occuring

Infertility

occurs to 10-15% of couples

• not conceiving after years of trying due to…

  • male: sperm count, mobility, shape

  • female: ovulation, blocked tubes, condition of uterus

• stress increases in couples, depression, etc