Unit 1 (Ch 4,5,6,7)

HMO

Health Maintenance Organizations

What is a health maintenance organization (HMO)?

An organization that provides complete comprehensive healthcare for the cost of the premium and a copayment for each visit.

What is one benefit of health maintenance organizations?

They prevent unnecessary visits and procedures.

What is required to see a specialist in a health maintenance organization?

You need to be referred to a specialist.

TJC

The Joint Commission

The Joint Commission

hospital accreditation.

- certifies that a healthcare institution meets certain minimum standards.

JCERT

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology

- establishes minimum educational standards, conducts inspections, and grands accreditation to programs (schools)

typical reason for patient or family members rudeness/tone

fear

who to contact for questions on orders

ordering physician

ASRT

American Society of Radiologic Technologists

- national professional organization for technologists in radiographic sciences

- describes the radiographer's duties and responsibilities

healthcare insurance and benefit systems

fee-for-service, health maintenance organizations (HMOs), Managed-care systems, Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), Federal health insurance (ACA, Medicaid, Medicare)

ACA

Affordable Care Act (obamacare)

- requires that companies with more than 50 FT employees provide health insurance

Medicaid

A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them.

Medicare

A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older

Chain of Command

- executive board

- administration

- departments

- diagnostic, therapeutic, support, general

Diagnostic Departments

CT, ECG, EEG, MRI, Nuclear medicine, pathology (labs), Radiography, Sonography

Radiologist

were we get our orders, they decide the protocols

ARRT

American Registry of Radiologic Technologist

- establishes minimum standards for certification in various imaging specialties and radiation therapy

- registration exam for (RT) letters

how many Continuing Education hours

24 every 2 years

empathy

focus on patients needs constructively, being compassionate and understanding but still having the objective detachment.

Who sets our Code of Ethics

The ARRT - American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

Ethical analysis

method of evaluating situations in which the correct action is in question

1. identifying the problem

2. Developing alternate solutions

3. Selecting the best solution

4. Defending your selection

Moral agent

the person responsible for implementing the ethical decision

Standards of Ethics for Radiographers

created by ARRT

includes Code of Ethics and Rules of Ethics

Which ethical principles are best in our profession

Principle-based ethics

Principle-Based Ethics

Beneficence - goodness

Nonmaleficence - no evil

Veracity - truth

Fidelity - faithfulness

Justice - fairness

Autonomy - self determination

informed consent

necessary for any procedure that involves substantial risk or is considered experimental.

- need patient signature and witness (yourself)

If you have a patient who does not speak/understand English...

you should find a Medically trained interpreter

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability

- the right of privacy also includes the expectation of confidentiality

Tort

a civil wrong committed by one individual against the person or property of another

Criminal law

offenses against the state or society at large

Civil law

the rights and duties of individuals with respect to one another

the use of restraints without an order is

false imprisonment

Assault

the threat of touching in an injurious way

Battery

unlawful touching of a person without his or her consent

false imprisonment

unjustifiable detention of a person against his/her will

invasion of pricavy

intrusion into a patients private affairs, disclosure of private information, use of the patients name falsely or for personal gain

libel

written- malicious spreading of information that causes defamation of character or loss of reputation

slander

verbal - malicious spreading of information that causes defamation of character or loss of reputation

malpractice

professional negligence; an act of negligence in the context of a relationship between a professional person and a patient/client

Negligence

neglect or omission of reasonable care or caution. the radiographer is held to the standard of care and skill of the "reasonable radiographer" in similar circumstances

Types of Negligence

gross negligence, contributory negligence, and corporate negligence

gross negligence

reckless disregard for life or limb

contributory negligence

the behavior of the injured party contributed to the injury

corporate negligence

when the hospital as an entity is negligent

res ipsa loquitur

"the thing speaks for itself"

relates to foreign bodies being left in clients and instruments slipping during surgical procedures

doctrine of the "borrowed servant"

a physician may be liable for wrongful acts committed by hospital employees under the physicians orders

Respondeat Superior

the employer is liable for employees negligent acts that occur in the course of their work

vicarious liability

the liability by one person or agency for the actions of another

RIMS/RIS

Radiology information (management) system

- ordering and billing

- allows tech to access some pt information- room number, imaging reports and other diagnostic tests

- no info on pt health history or plan of care

7 C's of Malpractice prevention

1. Competence

2. Compliance

3. Charting

4. Communication

5. Confidentiality

6. Courtesy

7. Caution

Malpractice Claim Requirements

- the defendant (person or institution being sued) had a duty to provide reasonable care to the patient

- the patient sustained some loss or injury

- the defendant is the party responsible for the loss

- the loss is attributable to negligence or improper practice

Charting

defined as any records you are expected to add to a document

Chart

refers to an extensive compilation of a patient's medical care and information

Consequentialist

believes that an action is right if the outcome is good

-might argue that speeding is good if the outcome is good (arrived on time) and that it is bad if the outcome is bad (accident)

Nonconsequentialist

might argue that speeding is always bad because it is against the law and because it places you and others at risk

Hearing impaired

Speak slowly, be in front of patient, good lighting, quiet environment, speak in lower tone, repeat information as needed, speak clearly

Deaf

use a medical interpreter

speak to the patient not the interpreter

look at the pt when the interpreter is speaking

unconscious patients

speak to them as if they were conscious, explain what you are doing, be respectful, do not have other conversations over them

Aphasia

inability to speak

Ageism

discriminatory attitude toward the elderly that includes a belief that all elderly are ill, disabled, worthless, or unattractive

Therapeutic communication

a process in which the healthcare professional consciously influences a client or helps the client come to a better understanding through verbal and/or nonverbal communication. Uses strategies that convey acceptance and respect and encourage the patient to express feelings and ideas.

Kubler-Ross stages of grief

1. Denial -refuses to accept the truth

2. Anger - experiences frustration, outrage

3. Bargaining - attempts to earn forgiveness or mitigate loss

4. Depression - often acquiescent, quiet, and withdrawn

5. Acceptance - accepts the loss or impending death and deals with life and relationships on a more realistic, day-to-day basis

PASS

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep

RACE

rescue, alarm, contain, extinguish or evacuate

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheets

- for hazardous materials; be on file and easily accessible

- OSHA requirement

Ergonomics

the study of the human body in relation to the working environment for the purpose of preventing injuries

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)

most common injuries reported by healthcare workers

- Repetitive motion injuries (RMIs)

- Repetitive strain injuries (RSIs)

- cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs)

Body Mechanics

the principles of proper body alignment, movement, and balance

- application minimizes the energy require to sit, stand, and walk

- proper body mechanics prevents injuries

most common cause of injury

lifting and twisting

Base of Support

portion of the body in contact with the floor or other horizontal surface

- can be a horizontal line linking the points of contact

Center of Gravity

the point around which body weight is balanced

Line of Gravity

imaginary vertical line passing through the center of gravity

- the body is most stable when the line of gravity bisects the base of support

If you have issue with a member of another department you should...

follow you chain of command and notify YOUR manager/department supervisor

Crisis intervention

an approach in which the patient/client seeks help only when unable to manage alone.

- after emergency passes former lifestyle is typically resumed

preventative healthcare

healthcare system which attempts to promote well-being and avoid the need for medical intervention.

- encourages good nutrition, exercise, vaccinations, and health screening tests.

- potential health problems are identified before they manifest as illnesses

health-illness continuum

different points on line between optimal health and fatal illness