Dark Side of Occupation

neglected

Occupations that are viewed as unhealthy or pose the potential for impaired health are often ___________.

social, political, historical

What factors shape what occupations are worthy of study?

There are occupations and aspects of occupations that are unseen or unexplored.

What does the “Dark side” of occupation imply?

is shadowed, we cannot see

dark side

The “dark side” of the moon refers to the hemisphere of the moon that is facing away from the Earth.

• It is no darker than any other part of the moon’s surface, as sunlight does in fact fall equally on all sides of the moon.

analogy with the moon for the dark side of occupation

• Anti-social

• Criminal

• Deviant (stealing, lying, manipulation)

• Violent

• Disruptive

• Harmful (drugs, smoking)

• Unproductive (social media use)

• Non-health-giving

• Non-health-promoting

• Addictive

• politically/socially/religiously/culturally extreme (cult, not being friends with someone else because of their political affiliation)

Dark occupations

Yes, they can contribute to their well-being and even be enjoyable and relaxing to people.

Can dark occupations still be meaningful and purposeful for people?

bad/negative

It is important to know that even though these things are viewed as ___, they can be purposeful and meaningful in someone’s life.

Non-sanctioned occupations

Occupations that, within historically and culturally bound contexts, tend to be viewed as unhealthy, illegal, immoral, abnormal, undesired, unacceptable, and/or inappropriate

helps us realize that these occupations have some benefit for the individual who engages in them

What does recognizing non-sanctioned activities as occupations do for us?

non-sanctioned occupations

occupations that lack effective or authoritative approval or consent

challenge/question the status quo of what is sanctioned (societal views)

Studying non-sanctioned occupations can encourage us to do what?

• social norms

• cultural norms

• in place for a future event

• environment

What kinds of things frame and shape occupations as acceptable or unacceptable?

1) Social Sanctioning

2) Hegemony

3) Deviance (from the norm)

4) Resistance

What are the different categories of sanctioned and non-sanctioned occupations/

Sanctions

mechanisms of social control that encourage compliance with social norms (expected ways of being and doing widely endorsed in a society or social group)

an illegal occupation that is socially sanctioned

What is underage drinking an example of?

a non-sanctioned occupation that is legal

What is jaywalking an example of?

social scripts

Typically, social control is elicited through ____ ______that construct ways of doing and being as “good” and acceptable, and others as “bad” and unacceptable.

the right things without the influence of punishment

What do social scripts typically result in people doing?

social script

the written words of what will happen and dictate social control

disapproval

occurs when non-sanctioned occupations violate social norms associated with customs, traditions, or etiquette (elbows, social media at the dinner table)

Ex. tattoos, crop tops

Condemnation

occurs when non-sanctioned occupations violate social norms associated with values and morals (smoking in public places)

Ex. having kids young

Punishment

occurs when non-sanctioned occupations violate social norms that are deeply encoded as taboo or morally prohibited (sex workers)

Ex. punishment could be ostracized from family, not getting a job

Hegemony

a way of thinking about how ideology may be employed by a dominant group to gain the consent of those under its dominance

Hegemony

dominance or leadership by one group, country, or idea over others

normalized

The worldview of the dominant class is __________ through existing social institutions (school, media, religion) and induces subordinate social groups to believe in it as common sense, the only way of thinking.

• No single group will dominate forever.

• People have different ideas and opinions

• The control of one group is always being questioned or resisted.

Why is hegemonic power never complete?

counter-culture (a small group of people that holds all the power and can try to change ways)

What is hegemony often thought of as?

deviance

Social groups create _________ by making rules that cause infractions to exist.

Deviance

not a quality of the act that the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an “offender”

Resistance

generally understood to be an act of opposition that occurs in relation to hegemony and unequal distribution of power

resistance

What can music often be viewed as a form of?

resistance

Studying occupations as forms of ________ can contribute to building a knowledge base regarding the transformative potential of occupation.

normative, justice

• ex. going against gender norms (dress)

• peaceful protesting

Knowing about resistance can help us to reveal the ways in which non-________ forms of doing can be used towards occupational ________.