Objective 14 - LPI Linux Essentials Beta Exam

[014.1] What three environments does v2 explicitly expect you to understand for Linux installation/provisioning?

A physical computer, a virtual machine, and a cloud instance.

[014.1] What operating-system comparison is explicitly in scope for 014.1?

Key differences between Windows, macOS, and Linux.

[014.1] Which v2 terms are named for Linux installation media?

Installation media and ISO files.

[014.1] What v2 term is associated with provisioning a prebuilt system in virtual or cloud environments?

Operating system images.

[014.1] [V2 explicit] What is a dual-boot setup at the level expected here?

A computer has more than one operating system installed and the user chooses which one to boot.

[014.1] [V2 explicit] What Microsoft technology is explicitly named as a Linux compatibility option on Windows?

Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL).

[014.1] Which is more directly associated with installing Linux on physical hardware: an ISO/install medium or a running cloud instance?

An ISO/install medium.

[014.1] Which is more directly associated with cloud provisioning: an operating-system image or /dev/sda?

An operating-system image.

[014.2] What major hardware components are explicitly named in v2?

Motherboards, x86/ARM processors, memory, power supplies, optical drives, peripherals, network interfaces, and block storage.

[014.2] Which processor architecture families are explicitly named in v2?

x86 and ARM.

[014.2] What two network-interface types are explicitly named?

Ethernet and Wi-Fi.

[014.2] What kinds of block storage are explicitly named?

Hard drives, solid-state disks, and partitions.

[014.2] What device-name pattern commonly represents traditional/SCSI-like block disks in Linux?

/dev/sd*.

[014.2] [V2 explicit] What device-name pattern is explicitly named for NVMe storage?

/dev/nvme*.

[014.2] What role do drivers and kernel modules have in this objective?

They allow the Linux kernel to support and manage hardware.

[014.2] What is /dev used for?

It contains device files (nodes) used as interfaces between processes and physical or virtual devices.

[014.2] What is the difference between a block device and a character device?

Block devices transfer addressable blocks of data; character devices transfer data sequentially, one character/stream at a time.

[014.2] In ls -l output for device files, what do leading b and c indicate?

b = block device; c = character device.

[014.2] What is /boot associated with?

The Linux kernel and other boot-related files.

[014.2] What is /sys used for?

It exposes organized kernel/device information, including information about hardware devices.

[014.2] What happens to data written to /dev/null?

It is discarded.

[014.2] What does /dev/zero provide?

As many null (zero) characters/bytes as requested.

[014.2] What does /dev/urandom provide?

Pseudo-random data.

[014.2] Why is Raspberry Pi relevant to this objective?

It is an explicitly named ARM-based computer platform used to illustrate Linux on non-x86 hardware.

[014.3] What is the relationship between a program and a process?

A program is executable code; when it runs, it creates a process.

[014.3] What does PID mean?

Process Identifier: the unique numeric identifier of a running process.

[014.3] What does PPID mean?

Parent Process Identifier: the PID of the process that started the current process.

[014.3] What does ps provide compared with top?

ps gives a static snapshot of processes; top provides a dynamic, interactive view.

[014.3] What does top help you inspect?

Running processes and their resource use, including CPU and memory consumption.

[014.3] What does free display?

The amount of used and free memory, including RAM and swap information.

[014.3] Where can Linux expose per-process information using PID-named directories?

/proc/.

[014.3] If a process has PID 887, where would you look for its process-specific /proc data?

/proc/887/.

[014.3] What is /proc?

A virtual/pseudo filesystem exposing process, kernel, and system information.

[014.3] Where are system-wide configuration files commonly stored?

/etc/.

[014.3] Where are traditional system log files commonly stored?

/var/log/.

[014.3] Why are logs useful?

They record system events and are valuable for troubleshooting.

[014.3] What does dmesg display?

Messages from the kernel ring buffer.

[014.3] What is the kernel ring buffer?

A circular in-memory structure containing kernel messages; older messages can be overwritten as new ones arrive.

[014.3] What does journalctl query?

The systemd journal.

[014.3] What is systemd in this objective?

The system and service manager used to manage services and associated system state.

[014.3] Which command starts a systemd service unit?

systemctl start .

[014.3] Which command stops a systemd service unit?

systemctl stop .

[014.3] Which command queries the current state of a systemd service unit?

systemctl status .

[014.3] Scenario: You want a one-time snapshot of current processes. ps or top?

ps.

[014.3] Scenario: You want a live view that updates process CPU/memory usage. ps or top?

top.

[014.3] Scenario: You want recent kernel/device messages after attaching hardware. journalctl or dmesg?

dmesg is the direct command for the kernel ring buffer.

[014.3] Scenario: You want messages stored in the systemd journal. Which command?

journalctl.

[014.3] Scenario: A service is not working and you first want to see whether its systemd unit is active or failed. Which command form?

systemctl status .

[014.4] What core networking concepts are explicitly in scope?

The Internet, IP networks, routers, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, routing, name resolution, automatic network configuration, and basic troubleshooting.

[014.4] What does ip addr show display?

Network interfaces and their configured IP addresses.

[014.4] What does ip route show query?

The IPv4 routing table/routes.

[014.4] What does ip -6 route show query?

The IPv6 routing table/routes.

[014.4] What is a default route used for conceptually?

It is the route used when no more-specific route matches a destination, typically forwarding traffic toward a router/gateway.

[014.4] What does ss show?

Socket/network-connection information.

[014.4] What is /etc/resolv.conf associated with?

DNS resolver/client configuration, such as configured name servers.

[014.4] What is /etc/hosts used for?

Local static mappings between host names and IP addresses.

[014.4] [V2 explicit] What command is named for querying systemd-resolved resolver/DNS information?

resolvectl.

[014.4] What does host do?

Queries DNS/name-resolution information.

[014.4] What does ping primarily test?

IP reachability/connectivity to another host.

[014.4] What is DHCP used for?

Automatic IPv4-style network configuration, especially assigning IP addresses and related network settings to clients.

[014.4] What two automatic IPv6 configuration methods are named in the material?

SLAAC and DHCPv6.

[014.4] What is the basic idea of SLAAC?

IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration lets a host form an IPv6 address using information advertised by routers, without the same explicit address lease process as DHCPv6.

[014.4] What distinguishes DHCPv6 from SLAAC in the learning material?

DHCPv6 uses a DHCP server for finer-controlled IPv6 configuration; clients obtain explicit permission/configuration from the server.

[014.4] Troubleshooting map: interface addresses, routes, sockets, DNS lookup, reachability — which tools?

ip addr show = addresses; ip route show/ip -6 route show = routes; ss = sockets; host = DNS lookup; ping = reachability.