Biology
Microbiology
ut arlington
microbiology 2460
nursing
chapter 9
chapter 13
chapter 14
University/Undergrad
🔑: ME: membrane PS: Protein Synthesis NA: Nucleic Acids MP: Metabolic Pathways AFD: Antifungal Drugs APD: Antiprotozoan Drugs AHD: Antihelminthic Drugs AVD: Antiviral Drugs AA: Alkylating Agents HM: Heavy Metals P: Peroxygens B: Bisbiguanides
Binary Fission Steps
G - growth and increase in cell size R - replication of DNA D - cytoplasmic division; cytokinesis S - septum formation and daughter cell divisions
Z-ring
formed during cytokinesis with the FtsZ protein to form a divisome
Divisome
promotes the formation of peptidoglycan and septum
Generation Time
time takes to double population
E. coli
20 min.
S. aureus
30 min.
B. subtilis
120 min.
M. tuberculosis
15-20hrs
Nn
number of cells at generation n
n
number of generations
N0
initial number of cells
Growth curve
closed system with finite nutrients
Lag Phase
cells grow larger and metabotically active (inoculum cells)
Log Phase
exponential; binary fission; cell replication > cell death
Stationary Phase
cells enter survival mode and < less susceptible to antibiotics; cell replication = cell death
Death Phase
cell replication < cell death; endospores; persisters
Persisters
surviving cells with slow metabolism (tuberculosis)
Sustainable Growth
Open system cultures have infinite resources
Chemostat
used to maintain a continuous culture in which nutrients are supplied at a steady rate
Direct microscopic cc
cells are counted under a microscope; CANNOT distinguish between live or dead cells; Known volume is transferred to a calibrated slide (Petroff-Hausser chamber) and cells are manually counted
Fluorescence Staining
cells are counted under a microscope or flow cytometer; Red stain binds to damaged cells to indicate DEAD cells
Coulter counter
detects electrical resistance change due to cell density; CANNOT differentiate live/dead
Viable plate counts
Pour Plate Method
bacterial sample mixed with warm agar - > sample poured onto sterile plate -> sample swirled to mix, allowed to solidify -> plate incubated until bacterial colonies grow
Spread Plate Method
sample poured onto solid medium -> spread sample evenly over the surface -> plate incubated until bacterial colonies grow on the surface of the medium
Optical Density (turbidity)
Measured w/ spectrophotometer; light is passed through culture and is measured on other side
Alternate Patterns of Growth
fragmentation in cyanobacteria and budding in planctomycetes: Gemmata obscuriglobus
Biofilm Formation
Attachment of planktonic cells to a substrate
Attachment becomes irreversible; cells become sessile
Growth & division on substrate
Production of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
Attachment of secondary colonizers & dispersion of microbes to new locations
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)
Hydrated polysaccharide gel with other macromolecules and channels (sugar-gel) EX: (rivers, pipelines, oral cavity) (cuts and wounds, lungs, intestines)
Quorum Sensing
cell to cell communication
Autoinducer
small molecules are produced to induce various actions (positive-feedback)
Biofilm and Human Health
Cells in deep layers may be metabolically inactive
EPS may slow diffusion of biocidal agents
Provide optimal environment for sharing of plasmids
Optimal oxygen concentration
ideal concentration of O2 (best for growth)
Minimum permissive oxygen concentration
lowest O2 concentration allowing growth
Maximum permissive oxygen concentration
highest O2 concentration allowing growth
Obligate aerobes
must have O2; Micrococcus luteus
Obligate anaerobes
prefers other than O2; Bacteroides spp.
Facultative anaerobes
can do both; Staphylococcus spp.
Aerotolerant anaerobes
tolerant to O2; Lactobacillus spp.
Microaerophiles
minimum O2; Campylobacter spp.
Fluid Thioglycolate Medium (FTM)
low % agar tube that has a gradient of O2
Aerotolerance
determined by location of growth
pH
Neutrophiles
~7 pH
Acidophiles
<5.5 pH
Alkaphiles
8-10.5 pH
Psychrophiles
<0°C; love cold and unsaturated
Psychotrophs
4-20°C; make food go bad
Mesophiles
20-45°C; human microbe
Thermophiles
50-80°C; love heat, saturated
Hyperthermophiles
80-110°C; some survive @ > 121°C
Halophiles
Salt/solute lovers
Halotolerance
tolerate high salt (MSA & S. aureus)
Barometric pressure
ability to withstand great pressure; extremophiles
Barophiles
require high atmospheric pressure; unculturable; hyper or thermophiles (found on bottom of ocean)
Photoautotrophs
cyanobacteria and green sulfurs
Photoheterotrophs
purple non-sulfurs
Enriched media
Extra care of nutrients to grow certain micro and are hard to grow
Fastidious
organisms cannot make certain (exact) nutrients and hard to grow
Chemically defined medium
complete chemical composition known
Complex medium
contains extracts and digests of yeasts, meat, or plants; exact composition not known
Selective media
inhibit unwanted, promote growth of organism of interest
Enrichment cultures
promote growth of desired organism; only represents a fraction present
Differential media
distinguish colonies of bacteria by color change
Sterilization
fomite; removal/killing of ALL microbes; methods: (autoclave) Heat, Pressure, Filtration, and Chemical (sterilants); endospores and viruses
Sanitization
fomite; reduce microbial load; heat or chemicals
Disinfection
fomite; Inactivation/kill of microbes; vinegar and bleach; ≠ sterile
Antisepsis
living tissue; hydrogen peroxide, iodine, witch hazel, rubbing alcohol
Degerming
living tissue; washing hands, wiping with paper towel, etc.; soap and alcohol swab
BSL-1
sink for hand washing and door to close off lab; nonpathogenic E. coli and B. subtilis
BSL-2
UTA micro lab; BSL-1, PPE, self-closing door, eye-wash station, autoclave, or sterilizationS. aureus and Salmonella spp.; viruses: hepatitis, mumps, and measles
BSL-3
BSL-1 and 2; respirator, bio safety cabinets, hands-free wash sink, 2 sets of doors, directional air flow; indigenous or "exotic" pathogens; M. tuberculosis and B. anthracis; viruses: west nile virus and HIV
BSL-4
+BSL-3; full biohazard suit, change clothing on entry, shower on exit, decontaminate all material on exit, lab must have own air supply; "exotic" pathogens; viruses:
Critical
must be sterile; items used inside body; sterile tissue or bloodstream; surgical instruments, catheters, IV fluids
Semicritical
do not require high-level sterilization (membranous tissue, GI endoscope, RT equipment
Noncritical
do not require sterilization; stethoscope, bed linens, BP cuffs)
Decimal Reduction Time (DRT)
how much time it takes to kill 90% (1 log reduction) of population
Dry Heat
incineration; direct application of high heat (>250°C); Bunsen burner and bacteria incinerator
Moist Heat
penetrates cells with high temp in liquid/vapor; autoclave
autoclave
raise temp of water increasing boiling temp (~121°C) by raising pressure to 15 psi (endospores and thermophiles)
Pasteurization
"flash" heating foods to kill most microbes
HTST
milk heated at 72°C for 15sec, then bottled and refrigerated
UHT
milk heated at 138°C for 2 or more secs, then sealed in airtight containers for up to 90 days w/out refrigeration
milkborne organisms killed by pasteurization
C. jejune, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli 0157:H7, M. tuberculosis, M. paratuberculosis, Salmonella spp. and Yevsinia enterocolitica
Refrigeration and Freezing
-static
Pascalization
high pressure used in food industry to kill microbes and prevent endospore formation (botulism)
Desiccation
drying or dehydration; to preserve foods by removing water
Lyophilization
freeze drying; rapid freezing then placed under vacuum
ionizing radiation
enters into cells and disrupts molecular structures such as DNA (x-rays and gamma rays)
non-ionizing radiation
doesn't penetrate glass, plastics, etc. can damage cells w/ direct exposure (UV irradiation)
sonication
High frequency sound waves to disrupt cell structure
filtration
use of barrier to physically separate microbes
membrane filtration
removes microbes from liquid samples
Phenolics
Denature proteins & membranes; triclosan(banned by FDA), lysol, and carbolic acid
Heavy Metals
binds inhibits proteins; MSCsZ
HM: Mercury
treated syphilis but banned due to neural toxicity
HM: Silver
used today to treat burn wounds, pediatric ophthalmic nenatorum, and in antibiotics
HM: Copper Sulfate
used as algicide to treat pools
HM: Zinc
mouthwashes, calamine lotion, baby powder, argyria
H: Iodine
oxidizes cellular components; commonly used as a iodophor (complex with organic molecule)