Unit 1 - Naming Molecules (Hydrocarbons)

List the difference(s) and purpose(s) between/of:

1. Complete Structural Formulas

2. Condensed Structural Formulas

3. Line Diagrams

1. Complete Structural Formula:

   1. Depicts all atoms involved in compound

   2. Rep’d by atomic symbol

   3. Bonds represented by dashed lines
      

2. Condensed Structural Formulas

   1. Similar atoms bound to carbon are grouped together

   2. purely alphabetical

3. Line Diagrams

   1. Carbon atoms represented by lines

   2. Hydrogen atoms implied connected to carbon

What is an Alkane?

A hydrocarbon that has only single bonded relationships between atoms

True or False, Alkanes are unsaturated Hydrocarbons?

False, they are Saturated

What is the general formula of Alkanes?

C_nH_{2n + 2}

The rules for naming complex structures are codified by BLANK

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

What 2 factors play a role in determining the saturation of a Hydrocarbon?

1. Number of Hydrogen atoms present

2. The types of bonds within the hydrocarbon

What are the types of unsaturated hydrocarbons? (3)

1. Alkenes

2. Alkynes

3. Aromatics

Fats consist of a BLANK backbone and a BLANK tail

They consist of a glycerol backbone and a fatty acid tail

Name 2 types of common fats

1. Triglycerols

2. Triglycerides

What is the general formula of an Alkene?

C_nH_2n

What is the general formula of an alkyne?

C_nH_{2n - 2}

When naming geometric isomers, ‘E’ stands for BLANK and ‘Z’ stands for BLANK

‘E’ indicates that the priority atoms are across from each other in respect to the double bond

‘Z’ Indicates that the priority atoms are besides each other in respect to the double bond

BLANK is a hallmark of aromatic compounds

Three alternating double bonds in a cyclohexane is a hallmark of aromatic compounds

True or False, the term ‘aromatic’ is used solely to describe organic hydrocarbons that have a smell

False, while this used to be the case, now they describe a family of organic compounds that are derivatives of benzene

Identify the names of substituents benzene groups:

• 1, 2

• 1, 3

• 1, 4

• Ortho

• Meta

• Para

The simplest cycloalkane is BLANK

It is cyclopropane

The general formula of cycloalkanes is?

C_nH_2n

The general formula of cycloalkenes is?

C_nH_{2n - 2}

The general formula of cycloalkynes is?

C_nH_{2n - 4}

Elaborate the properties/structures of alcohols?

• Indicated by the presence of a hydroxyl group

• Suffix is ‘ol’

• Can contain any kinds of bond

Elaborate the properties/structures of aldehydes?

• Presence of a substituent double-bonded Oxygen group

• Always located at start/end of carbon chain

• Suffix is ‘al’

What else is the double-bonded oxygen group referred to as?

It is often referred to as a carbonyl group

Elaborate the properties/structures of a Ketone?

• Presence of a carbonyl functional group

• Located within carbon chain, as opposed to the terminal ends

• Suffix is ‘one’

Elaborate on the properties/structures of Carboxylic Acids?

• Functional group is a carbon containing a carbonyl AND a hydroxyl group

• Has to occur at terminal end of molecule

• Suffix is ‘oic acid’

Elaborate the properties/structures of Amines?

• Presence of a Nitrogen

  • Bonded to a Hydrogen or secondary Nitrogen

• Can occur anywhere within the chain

• Suffix is ‘amine’

Elaborate the properties/structures of Amides?

• Functional group contains a carbonyl attached to a Nitrogen

• Can occur anywhere within the chain (nitrogen attached can be in middle of chain)

• Suffix is ‘amide’

Elaborate the properties/structures of Ethers?

• Presence of oxygen in center of chain (single bonds)

• Suffix is ‘oxy’

Elaborate the properties/structures of Esters?

• Contains Ether group, but additional carbonyl attached to middle of chain (double bonded oxygen, instead of single)

• Suffix is ‘oate’

How do you name Esters?

Start with the alcohol side of the molecule first (side without carbonyl)

• The length of the side chain starts at the carbon AFTER the single bonded oxygen

What is the key difference between a carbonyl and a carboxyl group?

Carbonyls consist of a double-bonded oxygen, while Carboxyls consist of a carbonyl AND a hydroxyl