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African City Models
a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings
blockbusting
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood
boomburb
a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents
brownfields
abandoned polluted industrial sites in central cities, many of which are today being cleaned and redeveloped
Central Place Theory
geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size, and location of human settlements in an urban system
Concentric Zone Model
a model of urban development depicting a city growing outward from a central business district in a series of concentric rings
De Facto Segeregation
segregation that results from residential settlement patterns rather than from prejudicial laws.
Disamenity Zones
a high-poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, landfills, or industry
Ecological Footprint
the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.
Edge City
a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center
Eminent Domain
the right of government to take private property for public use
Environmental injustice
refers to how minorities and the poor are harmed the most by environmental pollution
exurb
Small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city
filtering
process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people
Galactic City Model
a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs; also known as the peripheral model
Greenbelt
A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area
Inclusionary zoning laws
law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers
Infill
redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas
Land Tenure
the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land
Latin American City Model
a model of urban development depicting a city with a central business district, concentric rings, and sections stricken by poverty; also known as the Griffin-Ford model
megacity
City with more than 10 million people
metacity
A city with a population over 20 million
metropolitan area
a large city and its suburbs
Mixed Use Developments (MUDs)
a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, retail, recreational, educational and office spaces.
Mixed Use Zoning
zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure
Multiple Nuclei Model
a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around one central business district
New Urbanism
a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland
nodes
the focal point of a functional region
Primate City
The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.
range
in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service
Rank Size Rule
explanation of size of cities within a country; states the second-largest city will be one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest, and so on
redlining
A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.
regional planning
planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, and economic activities
Sector Model
A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.
Slow-growth cities
urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl
smart-growth policies
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.
Southeast Asia city model
a model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings and along multiple nodes
Squatter Settlements
Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.
threshold
in central plaec theory, the number of people needed to support a business
Traditional Zoning
zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial
Transportation-Oriented Development
the creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station
Urban area
A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core
Urban growth boundary
Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.
urban renwal
the rebuilding of rundown areas of cities
urban sprawl
The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.
walkability
the overall level of comfort, access, enjoyment, and connectivity of an area that facilitates walking
World Cities
cities generally considered to play an important role in the global economic system
Zones of abandonment
areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons
zoning
dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc
