AP HUGE Unit 6 Vocabulary

African City Models

a model of urban development depicting a city with three central business districts, growing outward in a series of concentric rings

blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

boomburb

a suburb that has grown rapidly into a large and sprawling city with more than 100,000 residents

brownfields

abandoned polluted industrial sites in central cities, many of which are today being cleaned and redeveloped

Central Place Theory

geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size, and location of human settlements in an urban system

Concentric Zone Model

a model of urban development depicting a city growing outward from a central business district in a series of concentric rings

De Facto Segeregation

segregation that results from residential settlement patterns rather than from prejudicial laws.

Disamenity Zones

a high-poverty urban area in a disadvantaged location containing steep slopes, flood-prone ground, rail lines, landfills, or industry

Ecological Footprint

the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources.

Edge City

a type of community located on the outskirts of a larger city with commercial centers with office space, retail complexes, and other amenities typical of an urban center

Eminent Domain

the right of government to take private property for public use

Environmental injustice

refers to how minorities and the poor are harmed the most by environmental pollution

exurb

Small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

filtering

process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people

Galactic City Model

a model of urban development depicting a city where economic activity has moved from the central business district toward loose coalitions of other urban areas and suburbs; also known as the peripheral model

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agricultural, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

Inclusionary zoning laws

law that creates affordable housing by offering incentives for developers to set aside a minimum percentage of new housing construction to be allocated for low-income renters or buyers

Infill

redevelopment that identifies and develops vacant parcels of land within previously built areas

Land Tenure

the legal rights, as defined by a society, associated with owning land

Latin American City Model

a model of urban development depicting a city with a central business district, concentric rings, and sections stricken by poverty; also known as the Griffin-Ford model

megacity

City with more than 10 million people

metacity

A city with a population over 20 million

metropolitan area

a large city and its suburbs

Mixed Use Developments (MUDs)

a single planned development designed to include multiple uses, such as residential, commercial, retail, recreational, educational and office spaces.

Mixed Use Zoning

zoning that permits multiple land uses in the same space or structure

Multiple Nuclei Model

a model of urban development depicting a city where growth occurs around the progressive integration of multiple nodes, not around one central business district

New Urbanism

a school of thought that promotes designing growth to limit the amount of urban sprawl and preserve nature and usable farmland

nodes

the focal point of a functional region

Primate City

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

range

in central-place theory, the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service

Rank Size Rule

explanation of size of cities within a country; states the second-largest city will be one-half the size of the largest, the third largest will be one-third the size of the largest, and so on

redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

regional planning

planning conducted at a regional scale that seeks to coordinate the development of housing, transportation, urban infrastructure, and economic activities

Sector Model

A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.

Slow-growth cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl

smart-growth policies

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

Southeast Asia city model

a model of urban development depicting a city oriented around a port and lacking a formal central business district, growing outward in concentric rings and along multiple nodes

Squatter Settlements

Residential developments characterized by extreme poverty that usually exist on land just outside of cities that is neither owned nor rented by its occupants.

threshold

in central plaec theory, the number of people needed to support a business

Traditional Zoning

zoning that creates separate zones based on land-use type or economic function such as various categories of residential (low-, medium-, or high-density), commercial, or industrial

Transportation-Oriented Development

the creation of dense, walkable, pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around or located near a transit station

Urban area

A dense core of census tracts, densely settled suburbs, and low-density land that links the dense suburbs with the core

Urban growth boundary

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.

urban renwal

the rebuilding of rundown areas of cities

urban sprawl

The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.

walkability

the overall level of comfort, access, enjoyment, and connectivity of an area that facilitates walking

World Cities

cities generally considered to play an important role in the global economic system

Zones of abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons

zoning

dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc