intro to micro - lecture 1

an organism is typically found in hot springs or in the arctic, what type of organism is it

archaea

what type of microorganism can photosynthesize

algae

what type of microorganism most closely resembles a tiny animal

protozoa

what are the three domains of life

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

which two domains of life are most closely related

archaea and eukaraya

which hypothesis depicts the theory that there are only two domains of life

eocyte

which domains of life are prokaryotes

archaea and bacteria

which type of organism is not housed in the tree of life

viruses

T or F: viruses are cellular organisms

FALSE, they are more closely a parasite

which microscopy technique has the most limited resolution

light microscopy

which microscopy technique can show inside the cell

transmission electron microscope

what is characteristic of eukaryotes

nucleus and organelles

what is characteristic of prokaryotes

no nucleus and organelles

what are viruses that infect bacteria

bacteriophage

what is a key component in prokaryotic cell walls that promotes rigidity

peptidoglycan

describe the whole unit and subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes

70S, 30S + 50S subunits

describe the structure of the nucleoid

double stranded DNA in one single, supercoiled, circular chromosome

most prokaryotes are ___________ due to ___________

haploid due to conjugation/cloning

describe the structure and subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes

80S, 60S +40S subunits

prokaryotic DNA is __________-stranded

double

what cytoplasmic inclusions might be found in prokaryotes

storage granules, inclusion bodies

a prokaryote finds itself in time of surplus, where can it store extra magnesium

inclusion bodies

what would you not find in a prokaryotic phospholipid bilayer

sterols

which prokaryotes lack a cell membrane

mycoplasma

which prokaryotes have lipids in their bilayer

bacteroides

describe the structure of gram-positive bacteria

thick peptidoglycan exterior with interior bilayer

describe the structure of gram-negative bacteria

thin peptidoglycan layer sandwiched between two phospholipid bilayers

which type of bacteria is less likely to dry out

gram-positive

what two compounds make up peptidoglycan

NAG, NAM

NAG and NAM are linked via ____________ ______, which is performed by __________

beta 1-4 glycosidic bond, transglycosylase

in order to stack peptidoglycan layers, ____________ is linked with ___________ ________ ____________

NAM, pentaglycine cross link

what brings NAG, NAM monomers from cytosol to exterior

bactoprenol

what assembles the layers of peptidoglycan

transpeptidase

what specific structures can you find in gram positive bacteria

teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

teichoic acids provide ____________ as they are linked to the ______________ _______________

rigidity; plasma membrane

what links gram positive cells to the plasma membrane

diacylglycerol

a penicillin like antibiotic is met with resistance, what is causing this

the periplasmic space of gram negative bacteria

what structure is indicative of a gram negative cell wall

lipopolysaccharide

gram negative cell walls lack what?

teichoic acid

how does the periplasmic space defend against antibiotics

B lactasmase cuts the B lactam ring of penicillin like antibiotics

what are three components of LPS

O-antigen

core polysaccharide

lipid A

describe the function of O-antigen

antigenic, interacts with the immune system

describe the function of lipid A

endotoxic

what are some of the immune responses to lipid A

cytokines and protease release

leads to fever and shock

provide one example of innate immunity

lysozyme in tears and saliva

describe how lysozyme functions as a method of immunity

hydrolyzes the beta 1,4 linkage in NAG and NAM

describe how penicillin can defend itself

inhibits transpeptidase activity by binding to its active site

if penicillin binds to transpeptidase competitively, what can we expect to see in the cell

cell wall weakening and lysing

which bacteria is more susceptible to penicillin like antibiotics? why?

gram positive

larger peptidoglycan portion to break down

what is the ability to cause disease

pathogenicity

what are attributes that increase disease severity

virulence factors

provide some examples of virulence factors

flagellum, capsules, glycocalyx, pilli, fimbriae

what does glycocalyx permit

adhesion to other bacteria

where might you find glycocalyx

mucosa, catheters

a capsule is more __________ and ________ than glycocalyx

rigid, substantial

why might the capsule be an effective virulence factor

the immune system does not recognize it

what does a capsule inhibit

phagocytosis

how might a capsule be help for laboratory scientists

identification via staining and antibodies

structure of monotrichous organisms

one flagella on one side

structure of lophotricous organisms

multiple tails on one side

structure of amphitrichous organisms

single flagellum on each side

structure of peritrichous organism

multiple flagellum on both sides

what bacteria can you expect to be peritrichous

e. coli, uti

a bacteria identification is written O16, what does the presence of O indicate

cell wall

a bacteria identification is written K26, what does the presence of K indicate

capsule

a bacteria identification is written H8, what does the presence of H indicate

flagella

how many flagellar anchor points are found in gram positive bacteria

2 rings

how many flagellar anchor points are found in gram negative bacteria

4 rings

what is the function of fimbriae

attach itself to surface ie. tongue

what is the function of the pilus

sense the environment and transfer helpful genes to other bacteria

a bacteria causes very severe disease, what virulence factor might allow this

pilus

what is type 1 pilli responsible for

adhesion

what is type II pilli responsible for

DNA/antibiotic resistance transfer

What is one example of type II pilus

F type

what is type III pilli responsible for

deliver proteins between bacteria and host

what is type IV pilli responsible for

twitching and motility

what is type V pilli responsible for

biofilm formation

a patient presents with gingivitis, what virulence factor might they have

type V pilli

oral pathogen

cocci

sphere

bacilli

rod shaped

diplo

paired

strepto

chained

staphylo

clustered

a nucleoid lacks a

membrane

what can you expect to find in storage granules

sugar and lipids